четверг, 9 декабря 2021 г.

News update 17/10/2021 19

Istoriya bol'shinstva germanskikh plemon izvestna blagodarya ikh vzaimootnosheniyam s Rimom. Pervoye stolknoveniye germantsev s rimlyanami proizoshlo v 113 g. do n.e., kogda plemya tevtonov vtorglos' v Italiyu, oderzhalo neskol'ko pobed, no zatem bylo razgromleno voyskami polkovodtsa Gaya Mariya. Posle etogo plemya rasseyalos', no pamyat' o nom ostalas': dlya rimlyan slovo «tevtony» stalo sinonimom slova «germantsy», voshlo v literaturnuyu traditsiyu i vposledstvii upotreblyalos' v Yevrope, naprimer, dlya obb znacheniya rannefeodal'nogo nemetskogo gosudarstva (Regnum Teutonicorum — Tevtonskoye korolevstvo), Tevtonskogo ordena i t.d. V 58 g. do n.e. Tsezar' nanos porazheniye germanskomu plemeni svevov vo glave s vozhdom Ariovis-tom. K kontsu I v. do n.e. rimlyanam udalos' pokorit' germantsev, zhivshikh k vostoku ot Reyna — vplot' do reki Vezer, no v rezul'tate pobedy, oderzhannoy vozhdom plemeni kheruskov Arminiyem v Tevtoburgskom lesu nad legionami Vara (9 g. n.e.), granitsa mezhdu Rimskoy imperiyey i germanskimi plemenami ustanovilas' po Reynu i Dunayu. Vdol' etoy granitsy rimlyane vozdvigli ryad moshchnykh ukrepleniy i postroili goroda, sushchestvuyushchiye do sikh por: Koloniya Agrippina (Kol'n), Mogontsiakum (Maynts), Augusta Vinde-likum (Augsburg), Regina Kastra (Reginsburg), Vindobona (Vena) i drugiye. Granitsu po Reynu i Dunayu rimlyane uderzhivali do serediny III v. n.e. Uspeshno razvivalas' rimsko-germanskaya torgovlya. Germantsy prodavali rimskim kuptsam, postoyanno poseshchavshim ikh oblasti, rabov, skot, shkury, mekha, yantar', a pokupali v osnovnom predmety domashney utvari i oruzhiye. Mnogiye germantsy sluzhili v rimskoy armii v kachestve nayomnikov. Rimskaya tsivilizatsiya okazala ogromnoye vliyaniye na istoricheskoye razvitiye germantsev. So vtoroy poloviny III V; vozobnovilis' voyennyye stolknoveniya germantsev s Rimom. VIV—V vv., v khode Velikogo pereseleniya narodov, germantsy zakhvatili vsyu territoriyu Zapadnoy Rimskoy imperii. Voznikli tak nazyvayemyye varvarskiye korolevstva anglosaksov (Britaniya), frankov (Galliya), alemannov (Yugo-Zapadnaya Germaniya), vestgotov (Ispaniya), ostgotov (Italiya). Germanskoye plemya vandalov, proydya cherez Galliyu i Ispaniyu, zakhvatilo Severnuyu Afriku. Vozniklo vandal'skoye korolevstvo so stolitsey v Karfagene. V 455 g. vandaly vremenno zavladeli Rimom i podvergli gorod strashnomu razgromu i opustosheniyu, unichtozhili mnozhestvo pamyatnikov kul'tury i proizvedeniy iskusstva. Otsyuda proiskhodit termin «vandalizm», kotorym oboznachayetsya bessmyslennoye unichtozheniye kul'turnykh i material'nykh tsennostey. V 476 g. Odoakr, predvoditel' germanskikh nayomnikov, prizvannykh zashchishchat' Italiyu, sverg Romula
Show more
2,547 / 5,000
Translation results
The history of most of the Germanic tribes is known through their relationship with Rome. The first clash between the Germans and the Romans took place in 113 BC, when the Teutonic tribe invaded Italy, won several victories, but then was defeated by the troops of the commander Gaius Marius. After that, the tribe dispersed, but the memory of it remained: for the Romans, the word "Teutons" became synonymous with the word "Germans", entered the literary tradition and was subsequently used in Europe, for example, to describe the meaning of the early feudal German state (Regnum Teutonicorum - Teutonic kingdom), Teutonic Order, etc.

In 58 BC Caesar defeated the German tribe of the Suebi, led by the leader Ariovist. By the end of the 1st century BC. the Romans managed to subdue the Germans who lived east of the Rhine - up to the Weser River, but as a result of the victory won by the leader of the Cherusci tribe Arminius in the Teutoburg Forest over the legions of Varus (9 AD), the border between the Roman Empire and the Germanic tribes was established along the Rhine and Danube. Along this border, the Romans erected a number of powerful fortifications and built cities that still exist: Colonia Agrippina (Cologne), Mogonciacum (Mainz), Augusta Windelicum (Augsburg), Regina Castra (Reginsburg), Vindobona (Vienna) and others. The Romans held the border along the Rhine and Danube until the middle of the 3rd century. AD Roman-German trade flourished. The Germans sold slaves, cattle, skins, furs, amber to Roman merchants who constantly visited their regions, and bought mainly household utensils and weapons. Many Germans served in the Roman army as mercenaries. Roman civilization had a huge impact on the historical development of the Germans.
https://sites.google.com/site/medianewsandpublishing/lucerne
https://all-andorra.blogspot.com/2022/05/
https://sites.google.com/site/news57235472/information
https://sites.google.com/site/news57235472/philosophy-has-absolute-value-intrinsic-value-dominates-itself
https://sites.google.com/site/newsmedia4365/news-archives-2019-january-december
https://sites.google.com/site/news57235472/such-a-state-at-first-glance-seems-to-be-a-loss-of-the-immediacy-of-life-and-perception-of-the-world-around-us
https://sites.google.com/site/news57235472/the-very-nature-of-man-as-a-rational-being-i-e-freely-self-determined-sooner-or-later-inevitably-will-require-independent-reflection-on-the-basics-of-his-worldview
https://sites.google.com/site/news57235472/the-word-wisdom-usually-means-the-perfection-of-a-person-and-the-possession-of-perfect-knowledge
https://sites.google.com/site/news57235472/
https://sites.google.com/site/andorratravelguide/salou
https://sites.google.com/site/andorratravelguide/tarragona
https://sites.google.com/site/andorratravelguide/reus
https://sites.google.com/site/andorratravelguide/sitges
https://sites.google.com/site/andorraski2020/andorra-ski
https://sites.google.com/site/beautifulcitiesandtowns/pyrenees
https://sites.google.com/site/beautifulcitiesandtowns/pyrenees-tourism
https://sites.google.com/site/beautifulcitiesandtowns/interesting-places-in-the-pyrenees
https://sites.google.com/site/beautifulcitiesandtowns/cities
https://sites.google.com/site/beautifulcitiesandtowns/towns
https://sites.google.com/site/beautifulcitiesandtowns/amazing-cities
https://sites.google.com/site/beautifulcitiesandtowns/beautiful-cities
https://sites.google.com/site/beautifulcitiesandtowns/best-cities
https://sites.google.com/site/beautifulcitiesandtowns/cities-of-europe
https://sites.google.com/site/beautifulcitiesandtowns/cities-of-france
https://sites.google.com/site/beautifulcitiesandtowns/cities-of-spain
https://sites.google.com/site/beautifulcitiesandtowns/cities-of-catalonia
https://sites.google.com/site/beautifulcitiesandtowns/cities-of-the-pyrenees
https://sites.google.com/site/beautifulcitiesandtowns/history-of-the-cities
https://sites.google.com/site/beautifulcitiesandtowns/photos-of-the-cities
https://sites.google.com/site/beautifulcitiesandtowns/views-of-the-cities
https://sites.google.com/site/armiesweaponsequipment/armies
https://sites.google.com/site/armiesweaponsequipment/weapons
https://sites.google.com/site/armiesweaponsequipment/tanks
https://sites.google.com/site/armiesweaponsequipment/aviation
https://sites.google.com/site/armiesweaponsequipment/airplanes
https://sites.google.com/site/armiesweaponsequipment/helicopters
https://sites.google.com/site/armiesweaponsequipment/cannons
https://sites.google.com/site/armiesweaponsequipment/guns
https://sites.google.com/site/armiesweaponsequipment/artillery
https://sites.google.com/site/armiesweaponsequipment/armour
https://sites.google.com/site/armiesweaponsequipment/military
https://sites.google.com/site/armiesweaponsequipment/military-transport
https://sites.google.com/site/armiesweaponsequipment/fighter-aircraft
https://sites.google.com/site/armiesweaponsequipment/bombers
https://sites.google.com/site/armiesweaponsequipment/missile-defense-systems
https://sites.google.com/site/armiesweaponsequipment/space-technologies
https://sites.google.com/site/armiesweaponsequipment/technology-during-world-war-ii
https://sites.google.com/site/armiesweaponsequipment/rockets
https://sites.google.com/site/armiesweaponsequipment/mig-aircrafts

Solving the problem in a logical way:

So, the Battle of the Ice is a fairly well-known event. What if you are not sure of its date? Everything is simple, we solve the problem logically. We understand that it happened quite early, which means that options 3, 4, 5 are clearly not suitable. Then you need to remember that Alexander Nevsky defeated the crusaders on the ice of Lake Peipus. The Russian principalities faced the aggression of the Mongols and the Crusaders in the XIII century. Knowing this fact, we understand that the year 1380 does not suit us, because. firstly, this is an event of the XIV century, and secondly, the date of a well-known event - the Battle of Kulikovo. Therefore, the desired date is 1242.

The next event is the election of Mikhail Romanov to the throne. Everyone is well aware that it was this event that ended the era of the Time of Troubles in Russia at the turn of the 16th-17th centuries, which means that options 4 and 5 are not suitable. We stop at 1613.

The abolition of serfdom in Russia is also a rather significant event that you need to know. In ignorance, choosing from options 4 and 5, we argue as follows: the second half of the 18th century, especially the reign of Catherine the Great, called the "golden age of the nobility", is the era of expanding the privileges of the nobles, tightening serf policy, so option 4 will not work. Option 5 remains. We check: the tsar-liberator Alexander II carried out the peasant reform after the severe defeat of Russia in the Crimean War (1853-1856), this is one of the great bourgeois reforms of 60-70. 19th century So, the choice was made correctly.

2. Arrange historical events in chronological order.

Write down the numbers that indicate historical events in the correct sequence in the table.

1) the election of Mikhail Romanov to the kingdom

2) election to the kingdom of Boris Godunov

3) the formation of the Second Zemstvo militia

4) overthrow of False Dmitry I

Answer: 2431. Question difficulty level: 2 (advanced). The cost of the task: 1 point.

GUIDELINES
When performing tasks with a short answer, associative links play an important role. The more facts, names, phenomena, processes are involved in such connections, the more effective the fulfillment of the tasks of the OGE will be.

To consolidate and repeat the studied material, effective methods are: drawing up tables, diagrams that present events and dates in the history of Russia; performance of relevant tasks in workbooks (correlation of events, processes, phenomena, events and dates, filling in gaps in the text). For example:

https://sites.google.com/site/armiesweaponsequipment/su-aircrafts
https://sites.google.com/site/armiesweaponsequipment/tu-aircrafts
https://sites.google.com/site/armiesweaponsequipment/combat
https://sites.google.com/site/amazingcastlesandfortresses/castles
https://sites.google.com/site/amazingcastlesandfortresses/european-castles
https://sites.google.com/site/amazingcastlesandfortresses/medieval-castles
https://sites.google.com/site/amazingcastlesandfortresses/amazing-castles
https://sites.google.com/site/amazingcastlesandfortresses/fortresses
https://sites.google.com/site/amazingcastlesandfortresses/beautiful-castles
https://sites.google.com/site/amazingcastlesandfortresses/history-of-the-castles
https://sites.google.com/site/amazingcastlesandfortresses/cathar-castles
https://sites.google.com/site/amazingcastlesandfortresses/feudal-castles
https://sites.google.com/site/amazingcastlesandfortresses/castles-of-the-pyrenees
https://sites.google.com/site/amazingcastlesandfortresses/castles-of-france
https://sites.google.com/site/amazingcastlesandfortresses/castles-of-spain
https://sites.google.com/site/amazingcastlesandfortresses/castles-of-catalonia
https://sites.google.com/site/amazingcastlesandfortresses/old-castles
https://sites.google.com/site/newsarchiveseurope/cars
https://sites.google.com/site/newsarchiveseurope/world-best-cars
https://sites.google.com/site/newsarchiveseurope/amazing-cars
https://sites.google.com/site/newsarchiveseurope/fastest-cars
https://sites.google.com/site/newsarchiveseurope/rare-cars
https://sites.google.com/site/newsarchiveseurope/offroad-cars
https://sites.google.com/site/newsarchiveseurope/expensive-cars
https://sites.google.com/site/newsarchiveseurope/classic-cars
https://sites.google.com/site/newsarchiveseurope/sportcars
https://sites.google.com/site/newsarchiveseurope/funny-cars
https://sites.google.com/site/newsarchiveseurope/european-cars
https://sites.google.com/site/newsarchiveseurope/american-cars
https://sites.google.com/site/newsarchiveseurope/japanese-cars
https://sites.google.com/site/newsarchiveseurope/photos-of-the-cars
https://sites.google.com/site/newsarchiveseurope/cars-brands
https://sites.google.com/site/newsarchiveseurope/soviet-cars
https://sites.google.com/site/newsarchiveseurope/russian-cars
https://sites.google.com/site/newsarchiveseurope/concept-cars
https://sites.google.com/site/newsarchiveseurope/cars-drawings
Els inicis de l'enviament pertanyen a aquells temps dels quals no tenim informació. El primer mitjà de transport sobre l'aigua va ser probablement una bassa, teixida a partir de garbes de canyes o de troncs d'arbres, que servia per moure's amb el cabal o era conduïda per pals; estava dotat d'una biga tosca, que feia el paper de timó, i d'una petita barraca del tipus més primitiu. Al Vístula i a l'Oder encara es troben basses d'aquest tipus. El següent pas és la llançadora: un tronc d'arbre buit, que encara s'utilitza als mars del sud i fa unes dècades es va utilitzar per a la comunicació entre Kiel i Ellerbeck en forma d'"un arbre" (Einbaum), impulsat per rems o una vela primitiva. Ja eren vaixells, la fabricació dels quals requeria l'ús d'eines conegudes, la qual cosa indica un cert avenç. Un progrés encara més gran són les embarcacions aixecades des de taules separades i equipades amb rems i veles; aquests vaixells només podrien aparèixer amb un desenvolupament significatiu de diverses artesanies i la capacitat de processar metalls.

L'impuls dels primers intents de navegació vingué probablement per la pesca, seguida de l'intercanvi de mercaderies, és a dir, el comerç marítim; juntament amb això, en l'extensió d'un mar que no és de ningú, on fins i tot al nostre segle la força és sovint la llei, la pirateria es va desenvolupar en els primers temps. Segons les idees dels antics, que encara no tenien una idea del dret internacional, cada estranger era considerat un enemic que podia ser assassinat amb impunitat; El robatori al mar no es considerava ni delictiu ni vergonyós i es va dur a terme de manera força oberta. Tots els pobles mariners robaven el mar, caçaven persones i es dedicaven al tràfic d'esclaus. Exemples típics són el rapte d'Helena i la venda d'Eumeu en esclavitud (Odissea, XV, 402-483).
Els enèrgics governants d'Egipte, com Seti I (1290-1279) i Ramsès II (1279-1212), així com Necó (609-594 aC), van construir flotes al mar Roig i al Mediterrani. Sobre un dels successors de l'últim rei, concretament Apria (588-569 aC), es diu que va fer guerres marítimes amb els habitants de Tir, va aconseguir el domini al mar i va imposar tributs a les ciutats de Xipre. La flota egípcia no va tenir una importància especial en la història de les flotes militars, ja que no va protegir ni la flota mercant ni el comerç marítim.

Els egipcis des de l'antiguitat van saber construir canals, preses, potser fins i tot rescloses als canals de navegació. La "Instrucció del rei al seu fill Merikara" (aquest últim viscut al segle XXII aC) ja fa referència a algunes grans estructures hidràuliques (canals o preses) del Delta, que van servir d'obstacle per als asiàtics (el text del "Instrucció" en si va ser compilada probablement durant l'Imperi Mitjà).

Aristòtil (Meteorologia 1.15) va escriure que el primer a tallar un canal a través de l'istme (Istme de Suez) va ser "Sesostiris". Plini el Vell (6.33.165) també esmenta Sezostiris com el primer constructor d'un canal entre els mars, i Estrabó (XVII.1.25; i I.2.31) informa que aquest canal va ser construït per ell "abans de la guerra de Troia". Així, els autors antics atribuïen l'inici de la construcció del canal a l'època de la dinastia XII, al regnat d'un dels Senusrets (Flinders Petrie, però, creia que la informació antiga sobre "Sesostiris" es refereix realment a Ramsès II. , és a dir, a l'època de la dinastia XVIII).

Els famosos relleus de Hatshepsut a Deir el-Bahri també estan relacionats amb la qüestió del canal. La pregunta es redueix a la següent: era necessari, quan s'enviaven mercaderies a Punt pel mar Roig, primer portar-les per terra pel desert oriental i després només a la vora del mar per tornar-les a carregar als vaixells? De fet, als relleus, els mateixos vaixells que es representen navegant al Mar Roig es mostren llavors dempeus al Nil al costat de Tebes. Hi havia dues opinions oposades sobre aquest tema. Segons un d'ells (Brested, Erman), una mena de via fluvial, tanmateix, connectava el braç oriental del Delta amb el Mar Roig ja sota Hatshepsut. Altres (Posner, Gardner) creien que no hi havia cap canal abans de l'era Necho (al voltant del 600 aC), i els vaixells marítims al moll de Tebes eren fruit de la imaginació de l'artista, una imatge simbòlica d'una expedició completada amb èxit. El fet que ni els relleus ni les inscripcions a Deir el-Bahri indiquen clarament el transport de mercaderies per terra fins al Mar Roig, s'explica per la negligència de l'artista, els buits i les abreviatures en la descripció de la ruta de l'expedició. És cert que la inscripció diu diverses vegades que l'expedició va avançar "per aigua i per terra", però el tram final de la ruta també podria passar per terra. Se sap que expedicions anteriors a Punt arribaven per terra a aquest país semillegendari. Les campanyes a Punt es van dur a terme a principis del III mil·lenni aC. e., i cap al 2600 aC. e. Els egipcis ja exportaven or d'allà. No obstant això, no es coneix exactament quin país, o països, els egipcis de l'Antic Imperi anomenaven Punt -el "País dels Déus". En diferents moments, podien anomenar així qualsevol lloc de la costa d'Aràbia o de l'Àfrica oriental. Però allà on es trobi el Punt de la reina Hatshepsut, la inscripció de Deir el-Bahri no fa res per explicar l'aparició dels vaixells al Nil.
Pel que fa a la ubicació i la idoneïtat per a la navegació, els pobles individuals diferien molt els uns dels altres. Alguns tenien una capacitat natural per a viatges de llarga distància, mentre que altres, al contrari, no tenien el més mínim desig i disposició per a això, que fins i tot arribaven al seu horror del mar. Els primers inclouen els fenicis, la majoria de les tribus gregues i els etruscs, mentre que els segons inclouen els egipcis, hindús, perses i romans.

Alaric führte seine Soldaten in die reichen, reichen Regionen des Römischen Reiches - Kampanien, Sizilien, mit der Absicht, die Provinz Afrika zu erobern - die Hauptkornkammer des Reiches, die die Römer ernährte. Dieser Plan wurde jedoch aufgrund des Todes von Alaric, der im Alter von 34 Jahren in der Stadt Consen-tion starb, nicht verwirklicht. Er wurde in einem tiefen Grab im Bett des Flusses Buzent begraben, dessen Wasser in einen neuen Kanal umgeleitet wurde. Zusammen mit Alaric wurden zahlreiche Schätze von unschätzbarem Wert begraben, und nachdem das Grab ausgegraben worden war, wurde das Wasser des Flusses in seinen früheren Lauf zurückgeführt. Gefährten von Alaric töteten alle Sklaven, die an diesen Arbeiten teilnahmen, damit niemand das Geheimnis der Beerdigung ihres Anführers erfuhr.

Während die Regierungen der östlichen und westlichen Teile des Reiches versuchten, alle ihre Kräfte zu mobilisieren, um ihre Besitztümer zu schützen, Unruhen und Unruhen im Staat zu stoppen, näherte sich eine neue Gefahr. Der Anführer der Hunnen, Attila, der Herrscher über weite Gebiete und zahlreiche Völker, begann einen Feldzug und eroberte die Stämme, die am rechten Ufer der Donau lebten, und träumte davon, die Ländereien bis nach Konstantinopel in Besitz zu nehmen. Der Kaiser des oströmischen Reiches Theodosius II zahlte Attila 6.000 Pfund Gold, erkannte sich und sein Volk als ewige Untertanen des Anführers der Hunnen an und versprach, ihm jährlich 700 Pfund Gold zu zahlen.

Attila führte seine Truppen in die Besitzungen des Weströmischen Reiches. Damals regierte dort die Mutter des jungen Kaisers Valentinian III., Galla Placidia. Als sie von der Annäherung des Feindes erfuhr, wies sie den Kommandanten der Hofwache Flavius ​​​​Aetius an, die Verteidigung zu führen. Er verbrachte mehrere Jahre in Alaric-Gefangenschaft und kannte die Manieren und Charaktereigenschaften der Barbaren gut. Durch Überredung, Drohungen und Bestechung zog er die Vandalen, Franken und Burgunder auf seine Seite, und vor allem stellte er eine ununterbrochene Lebensmittellieferung nach Rom her.

Im Jahr 451 fand auf den katalanischen Feldern in der Nähe der Stadt Troyes eine „Völkerschlacht“ statt, deren Sieg den Römern und ihren Verbündeten zufiel. Attila floh. Ein Jahr später startete er erneut eine Offensive und wurde erneut besiegt und starb bald. Sein riesiger Staat hörte danach auf zu existieren und zerfiel in kleine Besitztümer, die Opfer ihrer mächtigeren Nachbarn wurden.

Toutes




Tots


Все Пиренеи


From the second half of III B; military clashes between the Germans and Rome resumed. In the IV-V centuries, during the Great Migration of Nations, the Germans captured the entire territory of the Western Roman Empire. The so-called barbarian kingdoms of the Anglo-Saxons (Britain), Franks (Gaul), Alemanni (Southwest Germany), Visigoths (Spain), Ostrogoths (Italy) arose. The German tribe of Vandals, passing through Gaul and Spain, captured North Africa. A Vandal kingdom emerged with its capital at Carthage. In 455, the Vandals temporarily took possession of Rome and subjected the city to a terrible defeat and devastation, destroyed many cultural monuments and works of art. This is where the term “vandalism” comes from, which refers to the senseless destruction of cultural and material values. In 476, Odoacer, the leader of the German mercenaries called upon to defend Italy, overthrew Romulus
at Комментариев нет:
Подписаться на: Сообщения (Atom)