The relevance of the study is due to very little awareness on the part of the consumer about the purpose of the design. In today's world, it is becoming increasingly popular. It is very important to explain and give the right idea to people about what design exists for.
The purpose of our study is to study design as an element of the economic system and culture of the people.
The objectives of our research will be:
Consideration and study of the historical process of the origin of design
Analysis of the features of modern design and in particular the development of design in the Russian Federation,
determination of the influence of the economy on the formation of design products
· determination of the role of design in the standard of living of the population, as well as consideration of design management as a separate area in the development of design.
The object of research is design.
The subject of the study is design as an element of the economic system and an indicator of the standard of living of the population.
Methodology
As a methodological base, we used the works of S. M. Mikhailov - Candidate of Architecture, Professor V. L. Glazychev - Doctor of Art History, Professor of the Moscow Architectural Institute; L.M.Kuleva - Candidate of Architecture, Professor; V.F. Runge - designer, honored worker of arts and candidate of art criticism; W. Papanek - industrial designer, anthropologist, philosopher and design theorist.
To a certain extent, this risk can be compensated by the prompt renewal of the certification of the Nord Stream 2 operator by Germany - contrary to the information campaign, there has not yet been talk of a complete halt of the project. The entire infrastructure is ready for launch, for which only the political will of Germany is needed, and the solution of this issue is now outside the Russian competence. We should expect the opening of additional opportunities for Russian LNG supplies.
High gas prices in the EU and around the world will continue for the coming months, or even years. The article by RUSSTRAT examined in detail the issue of the inconsistency of the idea of "replacing" Russian gas with analogues, which implies the stability of demand for Russian gas in the EU.
The EU energy sector is facing serious turbulence, primarily due to the lack of attempts to compensate for the rapid increase in prices on the open market that began in the fall of 2021. The course announced by the European bureaucracy for, at the same time, liberalization of the market and the “green transition” to renewable energy unsupported by technological solutions led to a complete imbalance of the market back in December-January.
The term "history" appeared in the Russian language relatively recently, during the time of Peter the Great, being borrowed from European languages. Initially, even the sound of the first letter of the original Greek word "historia", which disappeared later, was even preserved. In Russia, they wrote "gishtoria". In Greek, the word "historia" meant "a story about the past", "about what has been learned." However, over time, it has acquired many semantic nuances. Today, the word "history" denotes not only the story of the past, the science that studies the past, but in general the consistent development itself, the change in reality.
However, despite its "completeness", the past has never been indifferent either for an individual, or for a people, or for humanity as a whole. Therefore, we always strive to "penetrate thought" into the past, to know it. It is not for nothing that the narrators of epics, various keepers of antiquity and wisdom, carriers and transmitters of information and knowledge enjoyed such honor and respect among the people - those who in modern language could be called the only "information relays" in the past.
In the 19th century very few remains of the skeletons of the most ancient people were known. Many have now been discovered. The oldest ones were found in Africa, therefore it is believed that it was on this continent that the evolution of great apes, which lasted many millions of years, led to the appearance of man. 3.5-1.8 million years ago, the steppes of Africa were already roaming creatures that were called Australopithecus - southern monkeys. They had a small brain and massive jaws, but they could already move in an upright position and hold a stick or stone in their hands.
Scientists believe that the first stone tools appeared about 2.5 million years ago. These were stones with sharp edges and flakes from them. Such tools could cut a branch, skin a dead animal, split a bone, or dig a root out of the ground. The one who made them received the name ^handy man* (homo habilis). Now he is considered the first representative of the human race.
A skilled man "moved on his feet, and his hands were adapted not only to hold a stick or stone, but also to make tools. These ancient people did not yet know how to speak; like monkeys, they gave each other signals with cries, gestures, grimaces. In addition to plant foods, they ate the meat of animals that they probably hunted. Their groups were small and consisted of several males, females with cubs and adolescents.
About 1 million years ago, a new species appeared - “straightened man” (homo erectus), Pithecanthropus, i.e. ape-man. This creature still resembled its animal ancestors. It was covered with hair, had a low forehead and brow ridges that protruded strongly forward. But the size of his brain was already quite large, approaching the size of a modern human brain. The "straightened man" learned to make various tools from stone - large axes of the correct form, scrapers, cutters. With such tools it was possible to chop, cut, plan, dig, kill animals, remove skins from them, butcher carcasses.
History and time
The path traveled by mankind lay in a certain space and took a certain time. Before the onset of historical epochs that left written sources - chronicles, diaries, letters - the most important evidence of "locations" are archaeological materials obtained during excavations of settlements and cities, preserved tools and utensils, bone remains, drawings on rocks, coins, etc. d. However, it is very difficult to determine the time of their occurrence. Even if it is possible to find out the duration of the existence of an object of interest to us from the layers of coastal sediments that have preserved traces of the change of seasons, or from the annual rings of trees, it can be difficult to establish its absolute age. Just as uncertain until recently was the duration of the existence of mankind itself. Science was able to give a convincing answer to this question only as a result of penetrating into the secrets of the microcosm, i.e. only in the 20th century.
The glacier either advanced from the north or receded; the climate became colder, and in the southern regions - more humid. Nature set new tasks for people, which they could solve only by developing their still very simple culture, accumulating and analyzing experience. The impact of the natural environment and the complication of human activities led to the appearance about 250 thousand years ago of an ancient variety of “reasonable man” - the Neanderthal (after the name of the German Neandertal valley, where his remains were first discovered). He already differed little from modern man, although he was roughly built, had a low forehead and a sloping chin. According to one scientist, he would not want to meet such a creature at night in a city park. But these people had a more alert mind and better adapted to the difficult conditions of the ice age than their predecessors, the Pithecanthropes, who eventually died out.
Neanderthals began to populate the previously deserted areas of southern Europe, Asia, and Africa. Enterprising and courageous, they dared to climb into the caves, where huge cave bears went to hibernate in the winter. The height of these animals reached 2.5 m, length - 3 m, and such large animals were killed by people armed with spears, stones, clubs. Huge accumulations of bear bones have been found in caves in Germany, Switzerland, Austria and other countries.
The Neanderthals improved the tools invented by the Pithecanthropes. Their form has become more regular and varied. Neanderthals wore skins and knew how to build simple dwellings, and about 60 thousand years ago they learned how to make fire. The pace of development is accelerating: the technique of stone processing is now being improved much faster than before. Let's remember how long Pithecanthropus tools existed, and tools made by Neanderthals were in use for 70 thousand years, after which they were replaced by more advanced ones.
The rather high level of development of the Neanderthals and their culture can be judged by the fact that the tools in different areas of the Earth inhabited by them were no longer as identical as before. At this time, one of the features of the culture of mankind begins to take shape - its diversity. At the same time, some signs of physical differences between the inhabitants of different regions appear, and races are formed.
The situation with sanctions against Russian oil production and refining looks equally contradictory in terms of design and execution. On March 6, the US Treasury issued detailed instructions on how to purchase oil from Russia in circumvention of sanctions imposed by the US government.
The agency explains that the imposed financial sanctions against banks in the Russian Federation are not comprehensive, the ability to work through other banks remains. It is noted that companies need to use "bypass transactions", including using banks in third countries, where funds would be received in US dollars, and from there they would be transferred to the accounts of Russian companies, including in sub-sanctioned banks. It turned out that in this way the US Treasury also recommends working with wood, coal, uranium and refined petroleum products.
The ban on European technologies for oil refining, which was announced on February 25 by the head of the European Commission (EC) Ursula von der Leyen, according to Brussels, will not allow Russia to modernize the refinery. In this regard, the risks can be assessed as moderate - the main peak of the modernization of Russian refineries occurred in 2010-2019, in addition, European technologies are not unique.
The most valuable in writing our term paper was the work of Vyacheslav Glazychev "Design as it is". In this book, much attention is paid to the process of the emergence of design. The author reveals the problems, principles and technologies of architectural and design design. Historical aspects in the formation of design are also important. The author pays much attention to comparing the Russian design system with the Western one.
The author also examined in detail the relationship of design with the economy, marketing and branding.
The book helps to understand the logic of the development of the profession of a designer, as well as to learn the features in the design that he is guided by when creating a new sample of commercial products.
No less important is the book "Fundamentals of Design" by L.M. Kuleva and S.M. Mikhailov. It is from her that we learn about the development of design as a separate area in design. Having studied it, we will learn about the main stylistic trends of different countries. The main categories and principles of design activity, the main features in design are considered. The material of the book is presented in an accessible form and consists of five chapters on the most important aspects in design. A whole chapter is devoted to the features of ergonomics, as the main area in design. An equally important role is played by the marketing analysis section in design. It is there that we learn about design in terms of promoting a product on the market, about the close relationship between design and marketing. The principles of design design are revealed as the main element in the promotion of goods on the market. Great importance is placed on creating a product that meets the requirements of society, which entails studying the market and creating a corporate identity.
Each theme in the book is presented with a number of illustrations of the works of the great masters.
The research method is the induction and synthesis of the material used in the study. Analysis of various information sources gives a specific concept of certain facts or statistical indicators.
The practical significance of the work
The materials of this study can serve as a brief information and orientation course on the basics of design. This work may be useful to the student as preparation for the seminar.
1. Historiography of the issue
Design is a complex art and design activity for the formation and transformation of the subject-spatial environment and at the same time is a product of this activity.
Design includes various types of activities and collects them on a single basis - to make the environment as comfortable and aesthetically pleasing for a person as possible.
Exploring this topic, the main information was extracted from various articles and statistics. Books, of which there are not many, only tell the basics of design and its history, not talking about specific situations in a particular country. After reviewing the literature on this topic and choosing the most suitable ones for ourselves, we chose several sources.
We have chosen several books as the basis of our work.
In the book "Design as it is" by Doctor of Arts VL Glazychev, a lot is said about the formation and history of design. After reading this book, you can answer for yourself many questions related to design and the activities of designers. This book was first published in 1970 and has long since become a bibliographic rarity. To date, the book has not lost its relevance, and even gained popularity among modern designers. In this work, the commercial side of the design is well presented. The relationship between design and economics is clearly visible. The dependence of design on demand and market is considered. The author notes more than once that design is a part of marketing, an integral part of the commercial market economy of the West. The author uses the appropriate term "nondesign" to refer to this important direction in design.
Understanding the social nature of design is becoming more and more important because design technologies have long been used in all kinds of design tasks. This business involves a lot of people involved in the development of programs and projects, the promotion of finished products, and above all people who constantly find themselves in the role of consumers.
To date, without changing a single line in the previous text, the author has supplemented it with comments and a final chapter that briefly characterizes the metamorphoses of design activity for a whole generation that has passed since the first edition of the first Russian monograph on design.
The connection between design and economics is well traced in the book "Fundamentals of Design" by L.M. Kuleva. and Mikhailova S.M. This book helps us to understand the specifics and basis of the activities of designers. The basic concepts of design, its formation and development among other types of modern design and artistic activity are outlined. The features of design, features of ergonomics, functional analysis and coloring in design, the specifics of the design and artistic language of the designer, the stages of the design project are considered.
Considering that the authorship of this book belongs to two authors, it can be concluded that the opinions expressed about the design are more objective than in books presented from the point of view of one person.
The book is an excursion into the basic concepts and styles in design from the very beginning. The publication is an introductory course for students majoring in architectural design. Therefore, this material is presented with the expectation of a prepared and knowledgeable reader in this area.
Studying this material, we return to the origins of the birth of design, find out in what conditions it was born, and what was the impetus for its emergence.
Much attention in the book is paid to the formation of design in different time periods. Much attention is paid to the formation of styles, the method of comparing different styles in different countries is used.
The book is rich in illustrations. There we can see the works of outstanding masters in the field of design. This book has become very useful in writing a term paper with an accessible presentation of the material and a good illustrative series.
The work of VF Runge "History of Science and Technology" shows us the development of design along with the development of technology and science. This book is dedicated to the history of great discoveries and inventions in the field of design and architectural design. Here, under one cover, a hundred stories about the most important achievements of mankind, which made the world in which we live comfortable and technologically developed, are collected.
The book is presented in two volumes. The first book consists of 16 lectures. They provide an overview of the development of material culture from the pre-industrial era to the middle of the twentieth century. The history of the technical development of society, scientific discoveries and inventions is considered from the design and art criticism positions in conjunction with the phenomena of artistic and applied activity. Consistently, with the involvement of extensive illustrative material, the origin of industrial design in the first period of the industrial era, its formation in the first decades of the twentieth century and development in the years before the Second World War are traced. General provisions on the basics of design, its methodology are given, an interpretation of the main terms used is given.
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Las planicies de marea se forman en áreas donde hay un suministro suficiente de sedimentos de grano fino y las mareas dominan sobre otras fuerzas hidrodinámicas. La señal de marea se refleja en la zonificación de la morfología y patrones de distribución de sedimentos en la zona intermareal. Las secuencias sedimentarias verticales así formuladas se caracterizan por un patrón ascendente de afinación. Además de la acción de las mareas, la morfología de la planicie de marea también está influenciada por el oleaje y los procesos biológicos/antropogénicos. La planicie de marea crece en respuesta al transporte neto de sedimentos hacia la tierra, pero eventualmente puede alcanzar un estado de equilibrio, sin crecimiento adicional. Una vez que se corte el suministro de sedimentos, la planicie de marea estará sujeta a una recesión de la línea de costa, dañando la zonificación establecida por la acción de la marea.
The history of the development of technology, the history of how man moved from the simplest tools of labor to the invention and use of the most complex, most advanced technical means, to the discovery of new sources of energy - this is the history of human thought. This is a story of great discoveries and accomplishments, great milestones on the path of human development.
The need of people for the need for accelerated movement on earth led mankind to the creation of various machines and mechanisms, the most convenient and beloved of which was the car.
The word "car" means "self-propelled cart", although in the modern sense it is customary to call cars only vehicles equipped with autonomous engines (internal combustion, electric, steam).
Ford
The Ford Motor Company was founded in 1903. Its founders were twelve businessmen from Michigan, led by Henry Ford, who held a 25.5% stake in the company and served as vice president and chief engineer of the company.
Ford Model A
The company's first car was sold on July 23, 1903. It was a "gasoline sidecar" powered by an 8 hp engine, dubbed the "Model A". The car has been described as "the most advanced car on the market that even a 15-year-old boy can drive"
From the very beginning, Ford wanted to produce mass-produced cars that had a very simple design and low cost. In those years, very few people could afford a car. Ford, on the other hand, wanted to "put the world on wheels" and therefore sought to make a car accessible to the widest sections of the population.
History of the Ford logo
Today, few people know, but Ford entered the Russian market back in 1907. The first representative office of Ford Motor Company was located on Petrovsky Lines in the house of the Rossiya Hotel. Customers were initially offered the "N" model, and then the "T" model. Then, according to customs statistics, 563 cars were imported into Russia.