newsmediaarchives: News update 15/07/2022 107

https://www.google.com/travel/trips/s/UgwbM_BhPvM7wBIqfwN4AaABLKgBs7x_

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The mysterious lake was not forgotten either. In 1599, the Flemish engraver Theodore de Bray placed Lake Parima on the map he prepared of Guiana, on the southwestern shore of which, according to him, was the city of "Manoa, or Dorado ... the largest city in the world." The American historian and geographer Ramsey, who comprehensively studied this problem, notes that Manoa already by the 30s. 17th century disappeared from geographical maps, and Parima could also be found on some maps of the 18th century. The last point in this misconception was put by Alexander Humboldt, who proved that there are no lakes in the Orinoco river basin. At the same time, the German scientist considered that the rumors about Lake Parima could have a real basis, since at the time of the flood the river floods a vast territory and some temporary lake formations are possible.

And finally, a few words about the real-life lake Guatavita. The Spaniards made several attempts to drain it, but this was only achieved by the English expedition in 1913. The prospectors were completely disappointed. The few gold items they found did not even cover the cost of organizing land reclamation work. “It would be premature to assume,” concludes Ramsey, “that what was found during these excavations exhausts all the wealth contained in the lake. But on the basis of the available evidence, it would be no less rash to suggest that the Muisca Indian tribe practiced the "gilded man" ceremony for a long time, or that their gold offerings were ever very numerous.

In addition to the myths and legends of the Indians, the possibility of the existence of El Dorado in the region of the northern coast of South America was also pointed out by pundits of that time, who believed that deposits of precious metals gravitate towards the equator.

The Europeans never managed to discover this legendary country, but the New World with its unique Indian civilizations became a true El Dorado for them.

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The Aztec Empire reached its highest level of development at the beginning of the 16th century. At the same time, on the territory of Peru, Ecuador, Bolivia, parts of Colombia, Argentina and Chile, there was another great empire - the state of the Incas. It occupied an area of more than 1 million square meters. km and was called Tawan-tinsuyu, which in Quechua means "four united cardinal points." Its dimensions emphasize the validity of such global claims.

For all the civilizations mentioned, the deification of the Sun is characteristic. The Incas, on the other hand, excelled everyone in this, calling themselves "sons of the Sun." To some extent, they had a right to this, because the central core of this civilization was in the Andes, the highest mountain system in America. Like the representatives of the other civilizations mentioned above, the Incas were excellent astronomers. In the city of Cuzco, they built four towers to observe the position of the Sun, they had an idea of the solar and lunar year. Magnificent Inca products made of gold, silver and copper have survived to this day.

At the head of the state was the Great Inca, who was considered the living embodiment of the Sun. The image of this luminary in the form of a golden disk with a human face served as the subject of an official cult. The Moon was considered the sister and wife of the Sun. Kuichi-Rainbow was also revered as a deity. There was also a cult of spirits - the patrons of agriculture, a cult of the elements of nature, etc.

Like the Maya Indians, in the state of the Incas, an important role belonged to the priests. There were special "fields of the Sun", the harvest from which went only to the needs of the clergy. The high priest traced his lineage from the Great Inca family and shared power with him.

The Incas also had a tradition of human sacrifice, but it had a different focus than the Aztecs. Its main purpose was to deify the Great Inca himself. Sacrifices, as a rule, took place during the magnificent festivities on the occasion of his accession to the throne. Girls and children were sacrificed, who were supposed to be supplied by the tribes conquered by the Incas.

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Very original was the "nodular letter" of the Incas - "kipu". It consisted of a cord and thread-pendants of different colors and shades. Combinations of colors and combinations of knots on the threads made it possible to use the kippah for calculating taxes, fixing various kinds of historical events, for transferring proper names and titles, and even individual phonetic elements. A unique quipu was found in one of the Peruvian temples. It weighed 6 kg. According to one of the most authoritative Russian researchers of the Inca culture, V.A. Kuzmishchev, such a skein of yarn could connect Moscow with St. Petersburg, and in terms of the amount of information contained in it, it can replace a multi-volume statistical reference book.

The center of development and formation of the Chib-cha-muisca culture is the Bogotinsky Plateau (modern Colombia). The civilization that developed in this region (5th-15th centuries) was distinguished by a high level of development of pottery, weaving, mining of coal and emeralds.

Just like in the other civilizations mentioned above, there was a significant stratification of property, which was reflected even in the sphere of religious mythology. The god Chibcha-kum (“the support of the people of Chibcha”) was the patron of the common people, and the god Bochik was the patron of the nobility.

Some researchers believe that the Chibcha Muisca were the only people of ancient America who had money, the role of which was played by small gold discs. The authors, who are more careful in their conclusions, refer to these items as jewelry that was in demand and exchanged for another commodity.

The legend of the fabulously rich country of Eldorado is associated with the habitats of the Chibcha Muisca. The natives told the first Spanish conquistadors about a peculiar ritual of initiation into leaders in one of the tribes. On the day of the festivities, the aspirant rubs the body with resin and then covers it with gold powder. The tribesmen accompany this gilded man, reclining on a precious stretcher, to a mountain lake. He dives, washes off the gilding, and thus the rite of passage is completed. Participants in the procession throw gold and precious stones into the lake. And how many such ceremonies have been in hundreds of years? And so the myth arose about an unknown country and its untold riches, called El Dorado, which in Spanish means “gilded”.

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четверг, 14 июля 2022 г.

News update 15/07/2022 107

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четверг, 14 июля 2022 г.

News update 15/07/2022 107

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четверг, 14 июля 2022 г.