People not only realized the need to take care of the weak and sick, they got the opportunity to do so. In order for a seriously wounded person to recover, it was necessary to take care of him, to share food with him. Skeletons of obviously seriously ill people are found in the burials, and in one of them the remains of a man without an arm were found. This means that people could already get enough food to feed not only growing children, but also weak, sick, old people. Probably, in such conditions, ideas about good and bad in people's relations began to take shape, i.e. moral standards.
Apparently, as a tribute to Greek literature, the king left only the house of the poet Pindar in the open field. Only then did the Greeks appreciate the velvet policy of Philip II, when Alexander showed them the "iron fist".
Now that the Greeks, who had lost all hope, were pacified, Alexander finally decided to start a war with the Achaemenid power. This war was to be perceived by the Greeks as revenge for the desecration of the Hellenic shrines in the previous Greco-Persian wars. The desire of Alexander, who "dreamed of inheriting power, fraught not with luxury, pleasure and wealth, but with battles, wars and the struggle for glory" (Plutarch), seems to have been close to being realized. In order to cut off his way back, Alexander gave away most of his lands in Macedonia and turned his hopeful eyes on Iran, hungry for glory. In 334 BC Alexander threw his spear at the Asian coast, thus declaring his rights to this territory, and landed on the coast of Asia Minor with an army of 50,000.
The appearance of modern man coincides with the beginning of the last period of the ancient Stone Age - about 35 thousand years ago. In this era, which did not last long compared to the previous ones - only 23-25 thousand years, people settled on all continents, except, of course, Antarctica. Through the "bridges" that arose due to glaciation, they penetrated into Australia. This happened, as is believed, about 20 thousand years ago. Probably, America was settled 40-10 thousand years ago: one of the ways people penetrated there was the bottom of the Bering Strait, which was dry land. Thus, the real discoverers of new continents were by no means European sailors, but people of the Stone Age.
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At that time, the technique of making stone tools reached a very high level of development. Many of them were now made from regular-shaped plates, which were separated, “squeezed out” from the prismatic-shaped cores. Plates of different sizes were subjected to additional processing, blunting the edges or removing thin scales from the surface using a bone or wooden tool.
The most suitable stone for making tools was flint, which is often found in nature. Other minerals were also used, which easily split, were quite hard and fine-grained. Some knife-like plates were so sharp that they could be shaved. The technique of making tools and weapons became virtuoso. It was at this time that the forms of many things were formed, which later began to be made of metal: spearheads, daggers, knives.
Neanderthals were the first people about whom we can say that they performed some kind of rites. In the caves, specially collected and even arranged in a certain order, the skulls of bears are found. Around them, apparently, there were some rituals. It is noteworthy that human skulls were also treated in a special way: separate burials of skulls were found in special pits. Of course, it is difficult for us to imagine what happened in the caves around these skulls. There is no way to judge this by the customs of even the most backward modern tribes, because the Neanderthals were our extinct ancestors and the peculiarities of their perception of the world, of course, differed from the worldview of more developed people. It can be assumed that Neanderthal hunters considered themselves relatives of bears, like people of later eras who believed in their relationship with different types of animals. Such representations are called totemism. Most likely, the Neanderthals believed in magical powers - the ability to influence people or other creatures in order to achieve the desired actions from them. Magical actions require the presence not of the one you want to address, but of his symbolic replacement: an image or something belonging to him - a hair, a piece of clothing. You can talk to the image, and this creature will do what you want. An enemy's hair can be burned, and he will fall ill and die. Such simple ideas could already be in the Neanderthals.
However, the Phocians responded by capturing the temple of Apollo at Delphi and using the money they stole, they hired an army of 20,000. Since in Macedonia and Hellas they believed in the same gods, Philip II, at the request of Thebes, immediately acted as an ardent defender of the offended Apollo. Despite a series of failures, Philip defeated the troops of the Phocians in Thessaly (352 BC) and liberated Delphi. 3 thousand captives were drowned in the sea to atone for sacrilege, and the body of their deceased commander Onomarch was crucified on the cross. Now it was time to punish the criminal city of Phocis. However, Athens, quickly realizing that the Macedonians just want to get into Central Greece, defended the only way - the Thermopylae passage.
Philip II, deciding not to tempt fate, turned north. For a long time he looked with interest at the rich Olynthus, who now found himself surrounded on all sides by Macedonian lands, and said: “Either the Olynthians must leave their city, or I must leave Macedonia.” Having swiftly captured the small cities of the Chalkid Union, the Macedonians laid siege to Olynthos. The siege lasted a year. Thanks to the diplomacy of Philip, the help from Athens, for which the Chalkidians begged, was late, the city was taken and destroyed in 348 BC.
Now the Athenians, who valued the remnants of their influence in Thrace, agreed to make peace with Macedonia (Philocratic peace - 346 BC) and withdrew the army from Thermopylae. All cunning plans to save Phokis were shattered by the deceit, treachery and gold of the Macedonian. Phokis fell, and their votes in Amphiktion (the union of Greek policies - the guardians of the temple of Apollo in Delphi) went to Philip, who now, as a Hellene, could intervene in Greek affairs on legal grounds. In addition, part of the Greek fortifications on the border of Central Greece and Thermopylae passed to the Macedonian. From now on, the passage to Central Greece was always open to its new owner.
The best orators of Athens, Isocrates and Aeschines, supported Philip, believing that he was that great personality who would revive ancient Hellas if he united it under his rule. For the sake of the greatness of Greece, they were ready to say goodbye to the independence of their city. Isocrates argued that Philip's hegemony would be a blessing because he himself was a Greek and a descendant of Hercules. Philip II generously gave gold to his supporters, rightly believing that "there is no such high city wall that a donkey loaded with gold could not step over."
Philip's opponent, the leader of the anti-Macedonian party, the Athenian orator Demosthenes called on the Greeks to fight against the aggressive policy of the Macedonian king. He called Philip a treacherous barbarian, seeking to take over Greece. However, it was not for the Greeks, who had long forgotten what honor is, to reproach Philip for treachery, dishonesty, deceit, dishonesty and lust for power. How many loyal allies and opponents who believed false promises were left on their historical path by Athens, striving for power...
Despite the successes of Philip's supporters, his opponents managed to gain the upper hand. Demosthenes was able to convince Athens, and with them other Greek cities, of the need to repulse the hypocritical and aggressive Macedonian. He achieved the creation of an anti-Macedonian coalition of Greek policies.
The cunning Philip decided to strike at the Thracian and Hellespont Bosporus straits in order to cut off Central Greece from its Black Sea possessions. He laid siege to Byzantium and the Iranian city of Perynthus. However, this time, having neutralized the supporters of Macedonia, Athens managed to help Byzantium - Perinth was helped by the indignant Iranian king Darius Sh. Philip retreated (340 BC) - It was a tangible defeat. Middle Greece could rejoice. Philip decided not to stir up this "hornet's nest" for the time being, leaving his supporters, gold and time to act. His patience was not in vain. Greece could not long live in peace. A new Holy War has begun. This time, the inhabitants of the city of Amfissa, supported by Athens, encroached on the lands of the Delphic temple. Amphiktyonia, at the suggestion of Aeschines, a Macedonian supporter, remembering the zealous defender of Delphi, turned to Philip II with a request to intercede for the offended deity. Philip, faster than the wind, rushed to Central Greece, effortlessly punished Amfissa and, unexpectedly for everyone, and even for his Thessalian friends, took possession of the city of Elatea at Cefiss, which was the key to Boeotia and Attica.
True, it is impossible to deny the existence of the city of Troy somewhere in the northwestern region of Asia Minor. Documents from the archives of the Hittite kings testify that the Hittites knew both the city of Troy and the city of Ilion (in the Hittite version of "Truis" and "Vilus"), but, apparently, as two different cities located in the neighborhood, and not one under a double title, as in a poem. The Hittites also knew the country of Ahkhiyava, a powerful state with which they vied for dominance over these cities. Scientists believe that Ahkhiyava is the country of the Achaeans, but it is not yet clear where it was located. Maybe this is the western part of Asia Minor, or the islands closest to it, or the whole of Balkan Greece. There was a conflict between the Hittite state and Ahkhiyava over the city of Ilion, but it was settled peacefully. The Hittite documents do not tell about any large-scale military clash between the Achaeans and Troy.
What conclusion can be drawn by comparing the data from the archive of the Hittite kings and the poetic narrative about the campaign against Troy? Some connection between them can be traced, but very unclear, since there are no exact matches. Apparently, in the oral folk art underlying the poem, events of different times were compressed together: the failed attempt of the Achaean Greeks to subjugate the Troad region (this can be traced through the tragic fate of the Achaean heroes after the capture of Troy) and the death of the cities of Ilion and Troy as a result of the invasion called "peoples of the sea", which shook the entire ancient world of the Mediterranean at the end of the XII century. BC.
Solon, the son of Exekestides, entered the history of ancient Greece as a great reformer, the founder of the polis democracy of Athens. Among his contemporaries and among subsequent generations of Hellenes, he enjoyed the glory of a great poet and sage. Solon came from a very ancient royal family of Codrids. According to legend, Codrus is the last king of Athens, who sacrificed his life to save his native city. He was buried on the Acropolis, and the grateful Athenians honored him as a hero.
According to his property status, Solon belonged to people of average means. His father spent all his fortune on helping those in need, and Solon in his youth made a lot of efforts to get rich: poverty was not respected, and the passion for wealth was considered natural. In his poems, Solon openly admits that he wants to be rich, stipulating, however, that he is attracted only by honestly acquired things: “I want to be rich, but I don’t want to own this wealth dishonestly: the hour for retribution will come later.” He emphasizes that honor and a good name are dearer to him than wealth: “Many low people are rich, but a good one gets poorer. We will not exchange valor for a bag of money.
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