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This lack of determination and consistency was completely contrary to the character of the Romans, and therefore aroused the displeasure of the people; it came to the point that trade and all exchange in general were completely undermined and there was no hope for an improvement in matters. Of course, the interests of armators and large merchants, as well as all those who lived by maritime trade or benefited from it, suffered most of all, of course. This led to an explosion of deep patriotism inherent in every Roman: armorers, big businessmen, etc. made enormous sacrifices and placed at the disposal of the state a large, well-equipped fleet in order to end the war, the outcome of which could only be decided at sea.

This mood, of course, influenced the choice of the consul Catulus. Thus, Rome owed the happy ending of this war not to the senate or the popular assembly, but to an unparalleled patriotic upsurge, which turned into a great feat. The main features of the Roman character led to a favorable final result: firmness, determination, perseverance, a correct view of the matter and practical sharpness, then military prowess, love of the fatherland and the art of military leaders.

From the foregoing it is clear how at the beginning of the war in Rome there was no correct understanding of the methods of its conduct, and how this understanding was gradually developed; the fact that the Romans subsequently again abandoned these methods and even several times completely stopped the naval war, which dragged out the war for another fifteen years, must be explained by a natural disgust for the sea and for maritime affairs and the resulting complete misunderstanding of it.

The fleet was for the Romans only a last resort, which they regarded, so to speak, as a necessary evil; as a result, the fleet was never a source of pride, and it was always treated like a stepson; service in the navy was always placed below service in the army, the officers were for the most part not Romans or Italians, but Italian Greeks. The Romans always kept out of the water, and this was the reason why the Roman fleet immediately fell into complete decline, as soon as the immediate need for it disappeared.

All the more surprising is the fact that the Romans several times, with the expenditure of colossal funds, created large fleets, and that they were able to skillfully use them in battle from the first time, despite the fact that they were commanded by inexperienced consuls who changed every year. Proceeding from the tactics of land combat, from the very beginning, contrary to the custom that existed up to that time, they began to use a massive, deep formation, which, in connection with the boarding tactics, fully corresponded to their goals. The failure that befell the Roman wake column at Drepanum is explained by the inept command of the new consul, who acted against the experienced Adherbal. Just the opposite can be said about the line of the deployed front in the last battle at the Aegates Islands.

For the Romans, a much more dangerous enemy than the Carthaginians was the misunderstanding of the sea business by their own military leaders; their losses from shipwrecks were many times greater than the losses in battles. If the Romans had taken the right path from the very beginning, and, having appreciated the importance of sea power, created a fleet on the same basis as a land army, with permanent crews for it and a special Roman corps of officers, then over time an understanding would have developed in this fleet naval strategy and tactics, and the war could have ended much sooner.

After the conquest of Brucium, the Carthaginians should by all means (of which they had no shortage) try to take possession of Messana and make it impregnable in order to make it difficult for the Romans to cross into Sicily; however, they hesitated and limited themselves to half measures. Then they should at all costs prevent the crossing of the Roman army to this island; they had a means for this - a fleet - but, despite the experience that they experienced 20 years ago in the war with Pyrrhus, they neglected this too: the communication of the Romans with Sicily took place as freely as if it were connected to the mainland.

They did not bother to be interested in what was going on with their enemy both before the war and during the war while it lasted; therefore they knew nothing of such great and important events as the construction and equipping of new fleets in 260, 249 and 242; each time this came as a complete surprise to them and forced them to hasty and hasty countermeasures. In a tactical sense, the formulation of the information case was also completely unsatisfactory (except for Carthage in 249).

They failed to act decisively and consistently with their fleet, otherwise the damage inflicted on the Romans would have been much greater. True, they undermined Roman trade, ruined the coast in several places, but, for example, there was no question of blockade of Ostia; with the vast stretch of the coastline of Italy, they could cause incomparably greater harm to the Romans, which was especially convenient to do by occupying fortified points on the coast or on islands near the coast for a long time.

The biggest mistake was that the Carthaginians began to act energetically only when they were in immediate danger, and as soon as the enemy ceased to threaten them, they again lost all energy and were inactive. They did not use either the first three-year or the second seven-year break in the naval war to strengthen their fleet and more vigorously conduct the war; moreover, as soon as they ceased to fear an enemy attack from the sea, their own fleet immediately fell into complete decline; all these were unforgivable mistakes, for which the loss of the war should be considered a well-deserved and just retribution.

Vprochem, v takticheskom smysle i karfagenyane ne upuskali sluchaya deystvovat' nastupatel'no, chto ob"yasnyayetsya tem, chto u nikh, kak u starykh moryakov, nastupatel'naya taktika vsosalas' v plot' i krov'. Odnako v pervom zhe srazhenii u Mile oni proyavili tu zhe prestupnuyu bezzabotnost', vytekavshuyu iz prenebrezheniya k nepriyatelyu, kak i v oblasti strategii: s tridtsat'yu peredovymi korablyami, ne vystroiv ikh dazhe v boyevoy poryadok, karfagenskiy admiral dvinulsya pryamo protiv vchetvero sil'neyshego nepriyatelya, kotoryy pri pervoy zhe stychke zakhvatil vse eti korabli blagodarya abordazhnym mostkam i mnogochislennym legioneram. Sdelannaya vposledstvii popytka okruzhit' rimlyan i atakovat' ikh srazu so vsekh storon ne uvenchalas' uspekhom, tak kak rimlyane, izbegaya manevrirovaniya, vystroili svoi korabli po okruzhnosti. Gannibal schel togda srazheniye proigrannym i ostavil pole bitvy za rimlyanami; yesli by on etogo ne sdelal, Duiliy mog by okazat'sya v ochen' tyazhelom polozhenii, tak kak vo vremya dvizheniya vsem yego korablyam nevozmozhno bylo by derzhat'sya nosom v storonu nepriyatelya. Vprochem, storona, zakhvachennaya vrasplokh, chasto teryayet muzhestvo i prezhdevremenno priznayet sebya pobezhdennoy. Zamechatel'no, chto karfagenyane za vse vremya dolgoy voyny ne pridumali nikakogo sredstva protiv "voronov", chto sluzhit dokazatel'stvom polnogo otsutstviya tekhnicheskoy izobretatel'nosti i iskusstva; sami oni ne primenyali etogo prisposobleniya, po-vidimomu, potomu, chto na eto u nikh ne khvatalo muzhestva i doveriya k svoim soldatam. O neudovletvoritel'noy taktike pri Eknomose i o nepravil'noy taktike u Eguzy uzhe bylo skazano; zdes' my dobavim tol'ko neskol'ko slov po povodu taktiki, primenennoy karfagenyanami v 249 godu, kogda oni oderzhali yedinstvennuyu pobedu za vse vremya etoy dolgoy morskoy voyny. Adgerbal, kak i Kartolon, proyavili bol'shuyu ostorozhnost' i prisutstviye dukha, a pervyy, krome togo, i bol'shuyu energiyu; eto byli prekrasnyye morskiye vozhdi, kotoryye umeli derzhat' v rukakh boyevuyu silu i v takticheskom smysle deystvovali ochen' uspeshno. Odnako imena ikh uzhe ne upominayutsya v svyazi s dal'neyshimi sobytiyami: po vsey veroyatnosti, nagradoy im byla chernaya neblagodarnost', kak eto sluchalos' s pobedonosnymi vozhdyami i v Afinakh vo vremya gospodstva demagogov. Ksantipp, unichtozhivshiy armiyu Regula i spasshiy Karfagen, nesomnenno, po tem zhe prichinam dolzhen byl vernut'sya na rodinu.

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Translation results

However, in the tactical sense, the Carthaginians did not miss the opportunity to act offensively, which is explained by the fact that they, like the old sailors, absorbed offensive tactics into their flesh and blood. However, in the very first battle at Miele, they showed the same criminal carelessness, resulting from disregard for the enemy, as in the field of strategy: with thirty advanced ships, without even lining them up in battle order, the Carthaginian admiral moved directly against four times the strongest enemy, who, with in the first skirmish he captured all these ships thanks to boarding bridges and numerous legionnaires. A subsequent attempt to surround the Romans and attack them from all sides at once was not successful, since the Romans, avoiding maneuvering, lined up their ships in a circle. Hannibal then considered the battle lost and left the battlefield for the Romans; if he had not done so, Duilius might have found himself in a very difficult position, since during the movement it would be impossible for all his ships to keep their bows towards the enemy. However, the side taken by surprise often loses courage and prematurely recognizes itself as defeated.

It is remarkable that the Carthaginians during the whole long war did not come up with any remedy against the "ravens", which serves as proof of the complete absence of technical ingenuity and art; they themselves did not use this device, apparently because they did not have the courage and confidence in their soldiers for this.

The unsatisfactory tactics under Eknomos and the wrong tactics under Aegusa have already been spoken of; here we will add only a few words about the tactics used by the Carthaginians in 249, when they won the only victory in this long naval war. Adgerbal, like Kartolon, showed great caution and presence of mind, and the first, in addition, showed great energy; they were excellent sea leaders who knew how to hold a fighting force in their hands and acted very successfully in a tactical sense. However, their names are no longer mentioned in connection with subsequent events: in all likelihood, black ingratitude was their reward, as happened with victorious leaders in Athens during the reign of demagogues. Xanthippus, who destroyed the army of Regulus and saved Carthage, undoubtedly, for the same reasons, had to return to his homeland.

It may seem incredible that such a state of affairs could develop in a large maritime state; however, modern times give a similar example, and, moreover, with a maritime power, which can in no way be reproached for a lack of militancy and which, on the contrary, is justly proud of a glorious military past. We are talking about England and her fleet. Having become after 1815 the mistress of all the seas, and proud of the successes achieved, she began to look with disdain at all other fleets and was not at all worried about the technical successes they had achieved and did not pay attention to those tactical and strategic changes that were created due to these successes; this led to the fact that at one time she stood behind other powers in all respects: France was ahead of her with paddle steamers, the United States was the first to use the screw, then France was the first to build a steam-powered linear screw ship (in the Crimean War). Fortunately for England, these facts gave her a strong impetus, but her inertia was so great that she followed the example of others only with extreme slowness (the first armored frigate, ram, artillery, cruisers appeared in France). Only two decades after all these "scarecrows" (scares) came into use, England set about improving and increasing its fleet.

She showed even greater backwardness in strategic and tactical respects; the first time large maneuvers were made in 1850, until then there was complete inactivity and complete uncertainty regarding the use of the fleet both in the war as a whole and in individual battles. Hence the conclusion about the need for constant hard work.

There are two periods in the history of mankind - the primitive and the period of the existence of complexly organized, class societies. The first of them lasted many hundreds of thousands of years, the second - not for long. In primitive times, man became a man in the full sense of the word, his culture arose. Collectives of people were relatively small and simply organized, with a primitive way of life, which is why they are called primary - primitive. At first, in order to get their own food, people were engaged in gathering and hunting, using stone tools. Then they began to grow the plants they needed for themselves, breed domestic animals, build dwellings, and create settlements.

People in primitive communities were equal in their position, with the same rights and obligations, among them there were no rich and poor. Relations between families and individuals were determined by kinship, and the norm in this society was help and mutual support.

According to the materials from which people made tools, archaeologists divide history into three "ages": stone, bronze and iron. The Stone Age was the longest - it began about 2.5 million years ago, and ended 3 thousand years BC. The Bronze Age lasted more than 2.5 thousand years, and approximately in the middle of the 2nd millennium BC. The Iron Age is upon us, and we are living in it. These ages, especially the Bronze and Iron Ages, did not occur simultaneously in different regions of the Earth, somewhere earlier, somewhere later. The longest period - the Stone Age - is divided into several eras: the Old Stone Age, or Paleolithic (2.5 million - 12,000 years ago), the Middle Stone Age, or Mesolithic (12,000-8000 BC), new stone age, or neolithic (8000-3000 BC).

So, most of the history of mankind falls precisely on the period of primitiveness. The numbers tell little to our imagination. If this colossal period is compressed to a day, then it turns out that at the beginning of the day (at 0000 hours), people who still retained the signs of their animal ancestors began to make the first tools. The "upright man", Pithecanthropus, lived between 2 and 7 pm, and the ancient variety of "Homo sapiens", the Neanderthal lived between 7 pm and 11:30 pm. The late period of the Stone Age - the Neolithic - began very close to the end of the day, at 23:55. At 11:56 p.m., the Bronze Age began, and states with their cities, writing, constantly developing technology and a complexly organized society appeared, and even then only on tiny patches of the Earth, just 3 minutes ago.

Kazhdyy variant ekzamenatsionnoy raboty sostoit iz dvukh chastey i vklyuchayet v sebya 24 zadaniya, razlichayushchikhsya formoy i urovnem slozhnosti. Chast' 1 soderzhit 17 zadaniy s kratkim otvetom. V KIM predlozheny sleduyushchiye raznovidnosti zadaniy s kratkim otvetom: – zadaniya na vybor i zapis' odnogo ili neskol'kikh pravil'nykh otvetov iz predlozhennogo perechnya otvetov; – zadaniya na opredeleniye posledovatel'nosti raspolozheniya dannykh elementov; – zadaniya na ustanovleniye sootvetstviya elementov, dannykh v neskol'kikh informatsionnykh ryadakh; – zadaniya na opredeleniye po ukazannym priznakam i zapis' v vide slova (slovosochetaniya) termina, nazvaniya, imeni, veka, goda i t.p. Otvety k zadaniyam 1–17 zapisyvayutsya v vide tsifry, posledovatel'nosti tsifr ili slova (slovosochetaniya). Chast' 2 soderzhit 7 zadaniy s razvornutym otvetom, vyyavlyayushchikh i otsenivayushchikh osvoyeniye vypusknikami razlichnykh kompleksnykh umeniy. K zadaniyam 18–24 sleduyet dat' razvornutyy otvet. Zadaniya 18–20 predusmatrivayut analiz istoricheskogo istochnika. Zadaniya 21–24 predusmatrivayut raznyye vidy raboty s istoricheskim materialom: ustanovleniye prichinno-sledstvennykh svyazey (21), analiz istoricheskogo teksta, poisk i ispravleniye v nom oshibok (22), sravneniye istoricheskikh sobytiy i yavleniy (23), analiz istoricheskoy situatsii, svyazannoy s deyatel'nost'yu istoricheskoy lichnosti (24).

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Translation results

Each version of the examination paper consists of two parts and includes 24 tasks that differ in form and level of complexity.

Part 1 contains 17 short answer tasks. The KIM offers the following types of tasks with a short answer:

- tasks for choosing and recording one or more correct answers from the proposed list of answers;

- tasks to determine the sequence of location of these elements;

- tasks for establishing the correspondence of elements given in several information rows;

- assignments for the definition of the specified signs and record in the form of a word (phrase) of a term, title, name, century, year, etc.

Answers to tasks 1-17 are written in the form of a number, a sequence of numbers or a word (phrase).

Part 2 contains 7 tasks with a detailed answer, identifying and evaluating the development of various complex skills by graduates. For tasks 18–24, a detailed answer should be given. Tasks 18-20 provide for the analysis of a historical source. Tasks 21–24 provide for different types of work with historical material: establishing cause-and-effect relationships (21), analyzing a historical text, searching for and correcting errors in it (22), comparing historical events and phenomena (23), analyzing the historical situation associated with activities of a historical personality (24).

DISTRIBUTION OF KIMS TASKS BY CONTENT, TYPES OF SKILLS AND METHODS OF ACTION

In KIM, they are present as tasks aimed at testing knowledge in one of three periods of history: 1) from ancient times to the beginning of the 16th century; 2) XVI–XVII centuries; 3) XVIII - the beginning of the XX century, - and tasks covering wider periods of the course of history from ancient times to the beginning of the XX century. (dedicated to two or three of the indicated periods). When compiling tasks aimed at testing knowledge for one of the three periods of history, standing in positions 3–6, 8–12, 18–22, 24, it is allowed to use material for any of these periods, provided that the material is presented proportionally for these periods in work in general. Tasks 1, 2 and 23 may cover one or two (2, 23) or all three (1) of the named periods. Task 7 is aimed at checking the work with statistical information and is always devoted to the period of the 18th - early 20th centuries. Positions 13 and 14 are assigned tasks to test knowledge of the facts of the history of culture, which can cover one, two or three of the indicated periods of history. The assignments in positions 15–17 are devoted only to general history and in the aggregate cover the entire course of the history of foreign countries, starting with the history of

Ancient world before 1914

ASSESSMENT SYSTEM FOR THE PERFORMANCE OF INDIVIDUAL TASKS AND THE EXAMINATION WORK AS A GENERAL

MAXIMUM PRIMARY SCORE FOR THE COMPLETION OF THE ENTIRE WORK - 37.

Part 1

A task with a short answer is considered completed correctly if the number or sequence of numbers, the required word (phrase) are correctly indicated.

Solving the problem in a logical way:

So, the Battle of the Ice is a fairly well-known event. What if you are not sure of its date? Everything is simple, we solve the problem logically. We understand that it happened quite early, which means that options 3, 4, 5 are clearly not suitable. Then you need to remember that Alexander Nevsky defeated the crusaders on the ice of Lake Peipus. The Russian principalities faced the aggression of the Mongols and the Crusaders in the XIII century. Knowing this fact, we understand that the year 1380 does not suit us, because. firstly, this is an event of the XIV century, and secondly, the date of a well-known event - the Battle of Kulikovo. Therefore, the desired date is 1242.

The next event is the election of Mikhail Romanov to the throne. Everyone is well aware that it was this event that ended the era of the Time of Troubles in Russia at the turn of the 16th-17th centuries, which means that options 4 and 5 are not suitable. We stop at 1613.

The abolition of serfdom in Russia is also a rather significant event that you need to know. In ignorance, choosing from options 4 and 5, we argue as follows: the second half of the 18th century, especially the reign of Catherine the Great, called the "golden age of the nobility", is the era of expanding the privileges of the nobles, tightening serf policy, so option 4 will not work. Option 5 remains. We check: the tsar-liberator Alexander II carried out the peasant reform after the severe defeat of Russia in the Crimean War (1853-1856), this is one of the great bourgeois reforms of 60-70. 19th century So, the choice was made correctly.

2. Arrange historical events in chronological order.

Write down the numbers that indicate historical events in the correct sequence in the table.

1) the election of Mikhail Romanov to the kingdom

2) election to the kingdom of Boris Godunov

3) the formation of the Second Zemstvo militia

4) overthrow of False Dmitry I

Answer: 2431. Question difficulty level: 2 (advanced). The cost of the task: 1 point.

GUIDELINES

When performing tasks with a short answer, associative links play an important role. The more facts, names, phenomena, processes are involved in such connections, the more effective the fulfillment of the tasks of the OGE will be.

To consolidate and repeat the studied material, effective methods are: drawing up tables, diagrams that present events and dates in the history of Russia; performance of relevant tasks in workbooks (correlation of events, processes, phenomena, events and dates, filling in gaps in the text). For example:

Tasks related to establishing the dates of events and their sequence traditionally cause difficulties. The best results in preparing for the implementation of this group of tasks are given by systematic work on compiling

•tapes of family life,

•“rivers of history”,

• tapes of time,

•chronological complex (chronological and synchronistic tables),

• visual-figurative designation of time,

• schemes,

solving chronological problems.

When studying military conflicts, it seems useful to compile various information tables. For example, it is advisable to study the history of the Crimean War by systematizing the material in a table.

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To increase the effectiveness of the study of armed conflicts, one can refer to the well-established methodology for studying wars according to the scheme: the causes of war, the nature of the war, preparation for war, the balance of forces and plans of the belligerents, the reason for the war and its beginning, the main stages and main battles, the end of the war and the conditions of peace, the causes of a certain result of war, the meaning of war. The use of maps, illustrations, excerpts from films contributes to the assimilation of knowledge. Information is recorded in the form of a chronological table, an example of which is given above. The proposed information tables may be useful for developing the ability to establish correspondence between historical events and statesmen.

2) Tasks for knowledge of concepts, terms

3. Write down the term in question.

Warriors who were recruited into the regular Russian army according to the service introduced by Peter I.

Answer: recruits. Question difficulty level: 1 (basic). Task cost: 1 point

Action algorithm:

We carefully read the terms of the assignment.

•Determine the era to which the term refers.

• We are looking for essential features (such a quality without which the subject ceases to be itself) of the term in the definition.

• We analyze the essential features, remember the events that are appropriate for a given period of time, define the term.

• We check ourselves again, write down the answer.

It is quite obvious that the era is the first quarter of the 18th century, namely the time of the Northern War (see: “introduced by Peter I”). In the definition of this concept, we single out two essential features: 1) soldiers, 2) carried a duty - regular military service. We recall: in the initial period of the Northern War, Peter I issued a decree on the introduction of recruitment, a new way of recruiting a regular army. We conclude that the term you are looking for is a recruit. We reread the definition, check our answer, write it down without spelling errors.

5. Below is a list of terms. All of them, with the exception of one, belong to the period 1894–1914.

1) Octobrists; 2) cadets; 3) strike; 4) Petrashevites; 5) petition.

Find and write down the ordinal number of the term that "falls out" of the given series.

Answer: 4. Question difficulty level: 1 (basic). Task cost: 1 point

GUIDELINES

Useful in preparing for the implementation of this group of tasks is terminological work, which involves the semantization (explaining the meaning) of the concept, establishing links with previously known concepts, highlighting the essential features that distinguish this concept from others, mastering the terminology by ear and obligatory writing in a notebook . Important methods of working with concepts are “fourth extra”, “continue the row”, compiling a sentence with a term, compiling a crossword puzzle, searching for terms missing in the text, establishing a hierarchy, distributing terms into groups, etc.

3) Task for systematization of historical information (multiple choice)

4. Which of the listed cities were in the XIII-XIV centuries. administrative centers of Russian lands with a republican form of government? Choose two cities and write down the numbers under which they are indicated in the table.

1) Ryazan

2) Vladimir

3) Novgorod

4) Pskov

5) Kyiv

Answer: 34. Question difficulty level: 1 (basic). Task cost: 2 points

4) Tasks for argumentation

6. Read four sentences. Two of them are theses (positions that need to be argued). The other two contain facts that can serve to substantiate these theses. Select the corresponding fact for each of the theses. Record the numbers of the corresponding proposals in the table.

1) Under Ivan IV, Russia pursued an active foreign policy in an eastern direction.

2) The policy of the oprichnina pursued by Ivan IV was disastrous for the country.

3) Many central districts of Russia were devastated.

4) Russian troops took Kazan.

The number of the proposal containing

thesis 1 fact 1 thesis 2 fact 2

Answer:

Answer: 1423. Question difficulty level: 1 (basic). Task cost: 1 point

GUIDELINES

The main task of students in completing this task is to identify the difference between theses and facts, to establish a connection between the thesis and the fact, to understand whether the fact really clearly confirms the proposed position.

Thesis (Greek thesis - position, statement) is the initial position, the truth of which must be proved.

Fact (from lat. factum - done, accomplished) - a real, real-life, non-fictional event, phenomenon, something that actually happened; basis of theoretical generalization, conclusion.

Action algorithm:

We carefully read the terms of the assignment.

•Determine the theses - provisions that need to be proved.

• We are looking for facts (real events) that substantiate (prove) these theses. From the thesis to the facts, you can ask the question "Why can we say this?", And the facts answer: "Because."

• We check ourselves again, write down the answer.

The first sentence: "Under Ivan IV, Russia pursued an active foreign policy in an eastern direction" is thesis No. 1 that needs to be proved. How did we define it? There are no facts in this sentence, i.e. actual events, this sentence may or may not be true.

Let's prove this thesis. We ask the question: “Why can we say this?”. Answer: "Russian troops took Kazan" will be fact number 1. We check ourselves: 1. Kazan was located east of Russia, in 1552 it was taken and annexed to the Russian state. 2. The sentence “Many central uyezds of Russia were ruined” does not correspond to thesis No. 1 (the central uyezds are located inside the country, and this is the thesis about foreign policy).

The sentence: “The policy of the oprichnina pursued by Ivan IV was disastrous for the country” is thesis No. 2 that needs to be proven. We ask the question: “Why can we say this?”. Answer: “Many central districts of Russia were devastated” will be fact number 2. We check ourselves: 1. The result of the oprichnina policy was an economic crisis - “the ruin of the 70s”, the manifestation of which was the ruin of many districts, especially the central ones, identified by Ivan IV to the oprichnina.

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https://www.imdb.com/user/ur130072675/

https://www.imdb.com/user/ur130136920/

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https://hub.docker.com/r/bloyd2500/cities

https://www.giantbomb.com/profile/darrenfistawn/about-me/

https://www.gamespot.com/profile/darrenfistawn/about-me/

https://infogram.com/top-200-1h8n6m3on1xxj4x

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https://zen.yandex.ru/media/id/595d4dd1d7d0a69b431e424a/lastres-and-its-attractions-allandorracomres-62596e64d0d736159638249c

https://zen.yandex.ru/media/id/595d4dd1d7d0a69b431e424a/jaca--former-capital-of-aragon-allandorracomaca-62596e912fc1bb74caf6a31a

https://zen.yandex.ru/media/id/595d4dd1d7d0a69b431e424a/barbastro-and-its-attractions-allandorracomtro-62596eaddd8bc76d0ef8ea87

https://zen.yandex.ru/media/id/595d4dd1d7d0a69b431e424a/monzn-and-its-castle-allandorracomzon-62596ec5eeec0f207ad97906

https://zen.yandex.ru/media/id/595d4dd1d7d0a69b431e424a/ejea-de-los-caballeros-and-its-churches-allandorracomros-62596edbfebd3e63f95252c0

https://zen.yandex.ru/media/id/595d4dd1d7d0a69b431e424a/agero-and-mallos-rock-formations-allandorracomero-62596ef2f6f547427257f188

https://zen.yandex.ru/media/id/595d4dd1d7d0a69b431e424a/uncastillo--a-historicartistic-complex-allandorracomllo-62596f0a70f2f338788c05a3

https://zen.yandex.ru/media/id/595d4dd1d7d0a69b431e424a/sdaba-and-its-castle-allandorracomaba-62596f214dd1a3387f2fbbab

https://zen.yandex.ru/media/id/595d4dd1d7d0a69b431e424a/mundaka-is-famous-for-its-surfing-allandorracomaka-62596f389304601a5a5dc00a

https://zen.yandex.ru/media/id/595d4dd1d7d0a69b431e424a/lekeitio-and-its-attractions-allandorracomtio-62596f4e8ba4eb1580326aff

https://zen.yandex.ru/media/id/595d4dd1d7d0a69b431e424a/bermeo-and-its-attractions-allandorracommeo-62596f79eeec0f207adaa19c

https://zen.yandex.ru/media/id/595d4dd1d7d0a69b431e424a/armintza--a-fishing-village-allandorracomtza-62596f8f9304601a5a5e69b0

https://zen.yandex.ru/media/id/595d4dd1d7d0a69b431e424a/durango-and-its-historic-center-allandorracomngo-62596fa41373fc3514b0611e

https://zen.yandex.ru/media/id/595d4dd1d7d0a69b431e424a/oati-and-its-first-basque-university-allandorracomati-62596fbac111cb24ba3d2884

https://zen.yandex.ru/media/id/595d4dd1d7d0a69b431e424a/beasain-and-its-attractions-allandorracomain-62596fcf70f2f338788d7f1b

https://zen.yandex.ru/media/id/595d4dd1d7d0a69b431e424a/tolosa-and-its-attractions-allandorracomosa-62596fe6febd3e63f953fe11

https://zen.yandex.ru/media/id/595d4dd1d7d0a69b431e424a/roncesvalles-and-the-legend-for-the-death-of-roland-allandorracomles-62596ffbeeec0f207adb7c7f

https://zen.yandex.ru/media/id/595d4dd1d7d0a69b431e424a/uju-and-its-churchfortress-of-santa-maria-allandorracomjue-625970108086416e1a53a2c9

https://zen.yandex.ru/media/id/595d4dd1d7d0a69b431e424a/artajona-and-its-walled-enclosure-from-the-12th-century-allandorracomona-62597024de2d9b139b88a0d9

https://zen.yandex.ru/media/id/595d4dd1d7d0a69b431e424a/ondarroa-and-its-beaches-allandorracomroa-62597038febd3e63f9547ed1

https://zen.yandex.ru/media/id/595d4dd1d7d0a69b431e424a/mutriku-and-its-beaches-allandorracomiku-6259713fd0d73615963d39c4

https://zen.yandex.ru/media/id/595d4dd1d7d0a69b431e424a/deba-and-its-beaches-allandorracomeba-62597155c111cb24ba40092e

https://zen.yandex.ru/media/id/595d4dd1d7d0a69b431e424a/zumaia--the-longest-set-of-continuous-rock-strata-in-the-world-allandorra-6259716cdd8bc76d0efdec92

https://zen.yandex.ru/media/id/595d4dd1d7d0a69b431e424a/orio-and-its-antilla-beach-allandorracomrio-62597180c111cb24ba404fe9

https://zen.yandex.ru/media/id/595d4dd1d7d0a69b431e424a/pasaia--a-fishing-village-allandorracomaia-62597196febd3e63f95696fb

https://zen.yandex.ru/media/id/595d4dd1d7d0a69b431e424a/hondarribia--the-easternmost-resortof-thecosta-vasca-allandorracombia-625971ab4dd1a3387f34543d

https://zen.yandex.ru/media/id/595d4dd1d7d0a69b431e424a/bera-and-its-attractions-allandorracomera-625971c2203b2a54575c0e4c

In task 10, you need to correlate the map with a small piece of text, understand what events are displayed on it.

Working with a map is based on the ability to read and analyze non-textual information based on historical knowledge. Maps do not provide a concretized visual representation of events, they reproduce spatio-temporal structures, help to understand the locality of historical events. An important step in preparing for the implementation of such tasks is working with a contour map. It is especially effective for checking the studied material. The legend of the map, which you must definitely pay attention to, will help in completing tasks 8-10. For the correct answer to the questions posed, it is necessary to determine the region depicted on the map, the sequence and time of the events displayed on it, and to compare the phenomena indicated on the map.

Action algorithm:

We start by analyzing the schematic legend. We see: 1. a symbol (gray arrow) indicating the actions of Russian troops (Russian troops from the Grand Duchy of Moscow approached the Don River at the confluence of the Nepryadva River), 2. a symbol (white and black arrow) indicating the actions of troops the Lithuanian prince Jagiello (Lithuanian troops are moving towards the same place, but before reaching it they turn back), 3. a conventional sign (black arrow) indicating the actions of the troops moving from the Golden Horde to the Don River to the place where the Nepryadva River flows into it. The legend contains a conventional sign (crossed swords) indicating the place of the battle. It happened at the place where the Nepryadva flows into the Don. The legend also contains a conventional sign (a gray oval) indicating the place of gathering of Russian troops. The city is located at the confluence of the Moscow River with the Oka, on the border of the Grand Duchy of Moscow and the Ryazan Principality.

The information obtained allows attribution (establishment) of the event (Battle of Kulikovo), date (1380), participants in the event (Prince Dmitry Ivanovich, Mamai).

Now we turn to the solution of tasks 8-10.

8. The century when the events indicated in the diagram took place - XIV. But the answer must be written not in Roman numerals, but in a word. We write: fourteenth.

9. Name the commander, commander of the army, whose campaign is indicated in the legend of the scheme by the number "5". Earlier, we have already established that the army, marked with the number "5", was moving from the Golden Horde to the Don River to the place where the Nepryadva River flows into it. We have already remembered that the temnik of the Golden Horde Mamai commanded this army. We will write down this answer.

10. After reading an excerpt from the historian's work, you need to indicate the number that indicates the city on the diagram, the name of which is omitted in this passage. We analyze the text, highlighting the essential features of the city: the place of gathering of Russian troops is located on the border of the Grand Duchy of Moscow and the Ryazan principality at the confluence of the Moscow River with the Oka. We compare with the scheme: the city is marked with the number "2". We write down the answer.

For those who know geography well, there is another sign: the Severka River, the right tributary of the Moscow River, flows north of Kolomna. Of course, the text refers to Kolomna. Here, in 1237, the first and largest battle of the Russian united forces with the main forces of Batu took place in 1237. In 1293, during the campaign of Khan Duden, 14 cities in the center of Russia were burned and destroyed, including Kolomna. In August 1380, Prince Dmitry Ivanovich appointed Kolomna as a gathering place for Russian troops.

8) Task for the analysis of illustrative material

11. Look at the picture and complete the task.

Which of the following refers to the same decade that this coin was issued?

1) Russia's entry into the Seven Years' War

2) activities of the Supreme Privy Council

3) publication of a charter to the nobility

4) the third section of the Commonwealth

https://zen.yandex.ru/media/id/595d4dd1d7d0a69b431e424a/irun-and-its-attractions-allandorracomrun-625971d6ffa4ee7fb8127810

https://zen.yandex.ru/media/id/595d4dd1d7d0a69b431e424a/arantza-and-its-attractions-allandorracomtza-625971ec2fc1bb74cafc9313

https://zen.yandex.ru/media/id/595d4dd1d7d0a69b431e424a/lesaka-and-its-architecture-allandorracomaka-62597201d0d73615963e7d63

https://zen.yandex.ru/media/id/595d4dd1d7d0a69b431e424a/etxalar-has-a-national-tourism-award-for-beautification-of-the-town-all-6259722b8086416e1a574cac

https://zen.yandex.ru/media/id/595d4dd1d7d0a69b431e424a/elizondo-and-its-noble-houses-allandorracomndo-6259723f63f54d4b0d9b8088

https://zen.yandex.ru/media/id/595d4dd1d7d0a69b431e424a/sangesa-and-its-attractions-allandorracomesa-625972543006ab7469c29041

https://zen.yandex.ru/media/id/595d4dd1d7d0a69b431e424a/sos-del-rey-catlico--a-historicartistic-site-allandorracomico-62597267f6f54742725e2faa

https://zen.yandex.ru/media/id/595d4dd1d7d0a69b431e424a/echo-and-its-landscapes-allandorracomcho-6259727d203b2a54575d4012

https://zen.yandex.ru/media/id/595d4dd1d7d0a69b431e424a/santa-cruz-de-la-sers-and-its-first-romanesque-churches-allandorracomros-62597294ffa4ee7fb813afe4

https://zen.yandex.ru/media/id/595d4dd1d7d0a69b431e424a/roncal--erronkari-and-its-church-of-san-esteban-allandorracomcal-625972aaddd8206ea50de25a

https://zen.yandex.ru/media/id/595d4dd1d7d0a69b431e424a/ans-and-its-attractions-allandorracomnso-625972c0ffa4ee7fb814016b

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https://zen.yandex.ru/media/id/595d4dd1d7d0a69b431e424a/njera-and-its-monastery-allandorracomera-625972e81373fc3514b60e25

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https://zen.yandex.ru/media/id/595d4dd1d7d0a69b431e424a/artis-and-its-cows-allandorracomies-625974242fc1bb74ca005828

https://zen.yandex.ru/media/id/595d4dd1d7d0a69b431e424a/casalarreina-and-its-monastery-of-our-lady-of-mercy-allandorracomina-6259743bfebd3e63f95a8668

Answer: 1. Level of difficulty of the question: 2 (high). The cost of the task: 1 point.

Action algorithm:

We “read” the illustrative material: we analyze the individual elements of the image (who and what is depicted, what inscriptions are present).

•Based on the information received, we attribute the event.

•Answer the question.

•Check and write down the answer.

We carry out attribution: on the obverse of the coin there is a bust portrait of the Russian Empress in a full dress with a sash and an imperial mantle, her updo is decorated with pearls and a crown. The date of issue of the coin is 1755. Therefore, this is an image of Empress Elizabeth Petrovna. We find confirmation on the coin: around the image there is a circular inscription Б∙М∙ELISAVETЪ∙I∙IMP∙ I∙SAMOD∙VSEROS (By the grace of God, Elizabeth I, Empress and Autocrat of All Russia).

The reverse depicts a double-headed eagle with raised wings, with a scepter and orb in its claws, around which there is a circular inscription COIN∙PRICE∙FIVE∙RUBLEI

(coin price five rubles). On the chest of the eagle there is a coat of arms, on the field of which is the image of the Apostle Andrew, crucified on the "St. Andrew's" cross. Above the heads of the eagle is the year of minting - 1755.

Having “read” the illustrative material, having determined, according to the condition of the task, the decade - the 50s of the XVIII century, we will choose the correct answer. To do this, we will restore the chronology of events by writing next to each of the four events its date: Russia's entry into the Seven Years' War (1756), the activities of the Supreme Privy Council (1726-1730), the issuance of a charter to the nobility (1785), the third partition of the Commonwealth (1795). Only the first event dates back to the 1750s. In the answer, write down the number by which it is designated -1.

GUIDELINES

Task 11 is not aimed at recognizing an image that students have already seen, but rather at “reading” non-textual material: you need to analyze individual elements of the image, attribute it, and draw conclusions on this basis.

The assignment should start with image attribution. It is necessary to determine the time of issue of the coin (1755), read the signature around the image of the Empress. Having “read” the illustrative material, having determined the decade - the 50s of the 18th century, we will choose the correct answer. To do this, we will restore the chronology of events: Russia's entry into the Seven Years' War (1756), the activities of the Supreme Privy Council (1726-1730), the issuance of a charter to the nobility (1785), the third section of the Commonwealth (1795). Only 1 event belongs to the 1750s.

Work in preparation for this task should be aimed at identifying the "faces" of each era of Russian history: famous historical figures, cultural figures, linking them with the most important events and phenomena that were characteristic of this period.

https://zen.yandex.ru/media/id/595d4dd1d7d0a69b431e424a/bagerque-and-its-attractions-allandorracomque-62597450f6f5474272617778

https://zen.yandex.ru/media/id/595d4dd1d7d0a69b431e424a/santo-domingo-de-la-calzada-and-its-cathedral-allandorracomada-625974651373fc3514b87e0b

https://zen.yandex.ru/media/id/595d4dd1d7d0a69b431e424a/viniegra-de-abajo-and-its-attractions-allandorracomajo-6259747c9304601a5a66fedd

https://zen.yandex.ru/media/id/595d4dd1d7d0a69b431e424a/viniegra-de-arriba-and-its-attractions-allandorracomiba-625974908ba4eb15803bc84d

https://zen.yandex.ru/media/id/595d4dd1d7d0a69b431e424a/villoslada-de-cameros-and-its-attractions-allandorracomros-625974a2e113d00d6a77cf7d

https://zen.yandex.ru/media/id/595d4dd1d7d0a69b431e424a/el-pont-de-suert-and-its-attractions-allandorracomert-625974b9febd3e63f95b4481

https://zen.yandex.ru/media/id/595d4dd1d7d0a69b431e424a/benasque-and-its-landscapes-allandorracomque-625974cd2fc1bb74ca018530

https://zen.yandex.ru/media/id/595d4dd1d7d0a69b431e424a/zarautz-and-its-longest-beach-in-basque-coast-allandorracomutz-625974f28086416e1a5c104a

City of Florence

Strict beauty: stone and water
The luxurious halls of the Hermitage can argue with the collections of Italian cities, with the collections of the Louvre and Prado. Yes, and the city itself on the Neva, - chained, as if in solid armor, into granite - the great whim of Emperor Peter the Great, is simply magnificent. Nowhere in the world you will find such a variety of bridges and bridges (the streets are on the former swamp and on the islands), many of them are masterpieces. And the greatness of Isaac, and the expanse of Palace Square, and churches and temples? And the suburbs with their chic palaces and parks? We can be devilishly proud that this city is also considered one of the most beautiful on the planet.

https://sites.google.com/site/beautifulcitiesandtowns/cities
https://sites.google.com/site/beautifulcitiesandtowns/towns
https://sites.google.com/site/beautifulcitiesandtowns/amazing-cities
https://sites.google.com/site/beautifulcitiesandtowns/beautiful-cities
https://sites.google.com/site/beautifulcitiesandtowns/best-cities
https://sites.google.com/site/beautifulcitiesandtowns/cities-of-europe
https://sites.google.com/site/beautifulcitiesandtowns/cities-of-france
https://sites.google.com/site/beautifulcitiesandtowns/cities-of-spain
https://sites.google.com/site/beautifulcitiesandtowns/cities-of-catalonia
https://sites.google.com/site/beautifulcitiesandtowns/cities-of-the-pyrenees
https://sites.google.com/site/beautifulcitiesandtowns/history-of-the-cities
https://sites.google.com/site/beautifulcitiesandtowns/photos-of-the-cities
https://sites.google.com/site/beautifulcitiesandtowns/views-of-the-cities

f you do not need the luxuries of the Renaissance, and the Baroque architecture seems a little sugary, you will be crazy about the capital of Scotland. The center of the Macbeth Land, Edinburgh, seems to have come down from the pages of the manuscripts of the Great Bard. Like in St. Petersburg, there is a lot of gray stone, power. Admire the main treasure of these places - Edinburgh Castle: gloomy Gothic, nestled in the heart of the city, cannot but inspire awe. And if you come here from the end of July until the beginning of September, you will come to the famous Edinburgh International Festival.

• Establish what historical events, facts are displayed by this source. Using contextual information, restore the causes, content, consequences, participants of this event.

• Based on the information received, formulate answers to the questions posed in the tasks.

•Check and write down the answers.

2) Causal relationships

21. Which of the following was one of the reasons (prerequisites) for the start of the Great Reforms in Russia in the 1860s–1870s?

- unfortunate end of the Russo-Japanese War

- an attempt by D.V. Karakozov on Emperor Alexander II

- Russia's failures in the Crimean War

- Creation of the organization "Narodnaya Volya"

Explain how the position you have chosen is connected with the beginning of the Great Reforms in Russia in the 1860s–1870s.

Answer:

Correct Answer Content and Grading Instructions

(Other formulations of the answer are allowed that do not distort its meaning)

Points

The correct answer must contain the following elements:

1) the correct answer is Russia's failures in the Crimean War;

2) explanation, for example: defeat in the Crimean War

demonstrated Russia's economic lagging behind

the strongest European powers. The reason for this delay was

the existence of serfdom, which created a shortage

labor force, hindered the improvement of labor efficiency and

thus hindering the development of industry. As a result

defeat, the ruling elite realized the need to abolish

serfdom, which, in turn, led to the need

implementation of other reforms.

(Another explanation that is close in meaning may be given.)

Correct answer and correct explanation given 2

Correct answer given, no explanation given.

OR Correct answer given, explanation incorrect

one

Wrong answer

Maximum score 2

Task execution algorithm:

Read the terms of the assignment carefully.

•Remember what a causal relationship is.

A causal relationship is a relationship between historical events (processes, phenomena), in which one event (process, phenomenon), called a cause, in the presence of certain historical conditions, gives rise to another event (process, phenomenon), called a consequence.

Example: the ill-conceived tax policy of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich's associates became one of the reasons for the Salt Riot.

• Establish from this list the cause (precondition) of the historical event and write it down.

•List the historical conditions under which the cause you chose gave rise to another event specified in the assignment condition.

Do not confuse the causes and preconditions of events (phenomena, processes). Example: the influence of the ideas of the Enlightenment was not the direct cause of the Decembrist uprising on Senate Square, but rather its prerequisite (i.e., the condition that influenced the beginning of this event), which should be noted in the answer.

Cause-and-effect relationships that are built on facts given with errors cannot be accepted. Example: a causal relationship cannot be taken into account: “the murder of Nicholas I by the Narodnaya Volya became the reason for the tightening of the internal political course under the new emperor.”

The reasons for the development (driving forces) of any event or phenomenon are generated by contradictions that arise in history. Establishing them is another possible way to determine cause and effect relationships.

3) Text with errors

22. Read a text that contains two factual errors.

During the reign of Nicholas I, much attention was paid to issues of ideology. Minister of Public Education Count S.S. Uvarov developed the formula "Orthodoxy, democracy, nationality", which was supposed to determine the main direction of official policy. The public life of the country at that time was characterized by the presence of various circles, where the so-called Decembrists and Slavophiles played the main role, arguing about the fate of Russia and its historical prospects.

Find factual errors and correct them. Write your answer as follows (be sure to fill in both columns of the table).

Text position where the error occurred Corrected text position

one)

Answer:

Correct Answer Content and Grading Instructions

(Other formulations of the answer are allowed that do not distort its meaning)

Points

The correct answer should include the following

Text position where the error occurred Corrected text position

1) S. S. Uvarov developed the formula “Orthodoxy, democracy, nationality” S. S. Uvarov developed the formula “Orthodoxy, autocracy, nationality”

2) The social life of the country at that time was characterized by the presence of various circles, where the main role was played by the so-called Decembrists and Slavophiles

Two erroneous positions are correctly indicated, two corrections are made correctly

One or two erroneous positions are correctly indicated, one correction is correct

Only two erroneous positions are correctly indicated,

corrections are made incorrectly.

OR Only two erroneous positions are correct,

corrections not made

one

Only one wrong statement is correct,

the fix is wrong.

OR Only one erroneous statement is correct,

no fix has been made.

OR Erroneous positions are not specified, but are given

corrections (any number).

OR Answer is wrong

Maximum score 3

Task execution algorithm:

Read the condition of the assignment carefully - find and correct two errors in the text.

• Read and analyze the proposed text.

• Identify mistakes and justify your conclusions.

•Correct the mistakes and write down the answer.

4) Comparison of historical events and phenomena

23. There is a point of view that, despite the presence of common features, popular uprisings led by S.T. Razin and under the leadership of E.I. Pugachev had differences. Give at least two differences.

Answer:

Correct Answer Content and Grading Instructions

(Other formulations of the answer are allowed that do not distort its meaning)

Points

Differences can be given:

1) E.I. Pugachev, unlike S.T. Razin, pretended to be the king

(Emperor Peter III);

2) E.I. Pugachev, unlike S.T. Razin, borrowed

state attributes that existed in the Russian Empire

(Military board, count titles for close associates, etc.);

3) in an uprising led by E.I. Pugachev accepted

participation of mining workers, and in the uprising under

led by S.T. There is no razin;

4) an uprising led by E.I. Pugachev was more

large-scale in terms of the number of participants and coverage of the territory.

Other differences may be given

Correctly given two differences 2

Only one difference is correct 1

Reasonings of a general nature are given, which do not correspond to

task requirement.

Wrong answer

Maximum score 2

GUIDELINES

The task of comparing historical events and phenomena requires the involvement of specific facts, and not general reasoning. In each historical phenomenon there are signs of similarity or identity with the signs of other historical phenomena, they are called common.

Comparative characterization is a complex method of analysis, comparison and generalization along the content lines of the essence of two or more homogeneous historical facts. Adequate to this technique, a means of performing comparative operations and presenting their results is a comparative-generalizing table. Compiling such a table when studying the history of popular performances, for example, will help in preparing for the implementation of tasks of this type.

5) Analysis of the historical situation. Correlation of common historical processes

and individual facts

24. The future famous writer, a high school student from Odessa, was expelled from the fifth grade of the gymnasium after the publication of a document that went down in history as a circular "about the cook's children." The reason was, as he wrote in an autobiographical story, his "low origin".

1. Name the emperor during whose reign the said circular was issued.

2. Give the name of the policy pursued during the reign of this emperor, aimed at revising the transformations carried out by his father.

3. Why, according to the government, children of "low birth" should not receive a gymnasium education?

Answer:

Correct Answer Content and Grading Instructions

(Other formulations of the answer are allowed that do not distort its meaning)

Points

The correct answer must contain the following elements:

1) Emperor - Alexander III;

2) the name of the policy - counter-reforms (conservative course);

3) reason: the government believed that the main driving force

revolutionary movement are students and educated

people from the "non-noble strata", and with the help of a circular

"about the cook's children" sought to prevent the possibility

representatives of the "lower classes" to become students

Below are the basic principles for selecting tasks and compiling options for KIM USE.

The importance of verifiable facts.

Reflection of various aspects of history: economy, social relations, domestic and foreign policy, material and spiritual culture. In the work of 2022, separate positions were identified, which test knowledge of the history of material and spiritual culture (7, 14, 15) and knowledge of the history of the Great Patriotic War (16).

The proportionality of the presentation of tasks associated with different eras. Matching assignments (1, 3, 5, 7) are designed in such a way that they check the knowledge of dates, facts, personalities for each of the following periods in the history of Russia: 1) VIII–XV centuries; 2) XVI - the end of the XVII century; 3) the end of the 17th - the beginning of the 20th centuries; 4) the beginning of the XX - the beginning of the XXI century. Each of the other tasks can test knowledge of different historical eras (VIII - early XXI century), but such a combination of tasks is established so that in aggregate they cover the main content sections of history courses approximately equally

Mandatory inclusion of content elements on general history in tasks 2 and 19.

ASSESSMENT SYSTEM FOR THE PERFORMANCE OF INDIVIDUAL TASKS AND THE EXAMINATION WORK AS A GENERAL

Part 1

A task with a short answer is considered completed correctly if the number or sequence of numbers, the required word (phrase) are correctly indicated.

job number

Full correct score

Grade for incomplete, incorrect or no answer

2, 8–10

1 point

0 points

1, 3, 5–7, 11

2 points

1 point (1 mistake was made, including one of the digits is missing or there is one extra digit)

0 points (2 or more errors were made, including 2 or more digits are missing, or there are two or more extra digits, or there is no answer)

3 points

2 points (1 mistake made)

1 point (2-3 mistakes made)

0 points (4 or more errors were made or there was no answer)

https://www.plurk.com/p/nbq0a1

Judging by the evidence, in the VI century. the Slavs lived in a primitive military democracy, inherent in peoples at the level of the tribal system. The lack of private property among the Slavs also indicates the primitiveness of social relations, which was reflected in the actual absence of slavery. The main occupations of the Slavic tribes were cattle breeding and agriculture.

Housing of the Eastern Slavs. Hood. S. Ivanov.

In the VI-VII centuries. Slavs settled in the vast territories of Central and Eastern Europe. The expansion of the area of settlement leads to a gradual loss of the original unity of the Slavic tribes. In the 7th-8th centuries there is a final division of the Slavs into three branches: southern Slavs (ancestors of Serbs, Bulgarians and Croats), Western Slavs (Czechs, Poles, Slovaks, Lusatians), Eastern Slavs (Russians, Belarusians, Ukrainians).

The resettlement of the Slavic tribes

From the document (The Tale of Bygone Years):

"... The Slavs sat down along the Danube, where the land of Hungarian and Bulgarian is now. From those Slavs, the Slavs dispersed over the earth and were called by their names from the places where they sat down. "And here are the same Slavs: white Croats, and Serbs and Horutans. When the Volokhi attacked the Danubian Slavs and settled among them, and oppressed them, these Slavs came and sat on the Vistula and were called Poles, and from those Poles came the Poles, other Poles are Lutich, other Mazovshans, other Pomeranians ... "

Eastern Slavs settled by the 8th century. in territories from the Baltic Sea in the north to the Black Sea in the south, from the Dniester in the west to the Don in the east. The main occupations of the Slavic tribes were, as before, cattle breeding and agriculture (shifting on the more fertile lands of the forest-steppe and slash-and-burn in the forest belt). In addition, a significant part of the population was engaged in fishing and forestry (hunting, beekeeping, etc.). The gradual separation of handicrafts from agriculture, as well as trade contacts with the surrounding peoples, contribute to the emergence of large trade and craft centers, future cities.

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Edinburgh City

Bright as a holiday
This city is completely different, the exact opposite of the medieval monolith - cheerful, bright, shimmering in the gentle sun, beckoning gardens, sparkling fountains. It looks like a huge intricately decorated candy wrapper, but too beautiful to dare to call it tasteless. And under the multi-colored “wrapper” is hidden a very deep content, this is not a dummy! We will name only one surname - Gaudi, and you will immediately understand what place we are talking about. Of course, this is Spanish Barcelona, the center of Catalonia, in which the masterpieces of the great architect are found at almost every step. If you are tired of the multicolorness of the Park Guell, breathe in the sea air from the Montjuic hill or plunge into the chamber of the Gothic quarter.
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We check: could this event occur during the other listed processes? Greco-Persian Wars 500-449 B.C. e. - Persia's wars of conquest against the ancient Greek city-states (polises), which defended their independence. The Hundred Years War is the name of a long military conflict between England and France (1337-1453), caused by England's desire to return Normandy, Maine, Anjou, etc., which belonged to her on the continent, as well as the dynastic claims of English kings to the French throne. The British Colonial War of Independence is a revolutionary liberation war of 13 colonies in North America for independence from Great Britain in 1775-1783.

We are convinced of the fairness of our choice, we write down in response the serial number of the Hundred Years War.

17. What event or process is this historical source directly related to? Specify the sequence number of this event, process.

“Inconveniences of every kind arising from our connection with England are incalculable. Our duty to ourselves and to humanity in general impels us to break this bond. Indeed, as a result of dependence on England, or even as a result of a simple political connection with her,

we involuntarily get entangled in various wars and strife taking place in Europe...

In a word, both considerations of our rights and considerations of our conveniences should induce us to separate from England. And the voice of truth and the cries of the dead cry out to us: it's time to separate!

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Distribution of KIM tasks by difficulty levels

The basis for the distribution of tasks according to the level of complexity is the characteristic of the types of activities used by students in the performance of the corresponding tasks.

The basic level of complexity includes buildings in which the examinees are asked to perform the operation of recognizing a date, a fact, etc., based on the information presented explicitly. The basic level includes tasks 1, 3-8, 12-17, 19.

An increased level of complexity includes tasks in which the student is required to independently reproduce, partially transform and apply information in typical situations. At the same time, the activity of the graduate is aimed at reproducing the transformation of knowledge. Such tasks are 2, 9-11, 18, 21-22.

A high level of complexity includes tasks in which students must perform partial search actions, using the acquired knowledge and skills in non-standard situations or creating new rules, action algorithms, i.e. new information. Such tasks are 20, 23, 24.

CHANGES IN CIM 2021 COMPARED TO CIM 2020

The total number of tasks has been increased to 24 (in 2020 - 21): the examination paper includes three tasks with a short answer (positions 15, 16 and 17), aimed at testing knowledge of general history (history of foreign countries).

The maximum primary score for completing the entire work has been increased to 37 (in 2020 - 34).

VARIANTS OF TASKS of part 1, STRUCTURE OF ANSWERS OF TASKS 1-14. METHODOLOGICAL RECOMMENDATIONS FOR PREPARATION.

The tasks of this part of the basic (1, 3-8, 12-17) and advanced (2, 9-11) difficulty levels. The correct answer is worth 1-2 points depending on the level of difficulty. Tasks can be divided into main groups:

1) Tasks for knowledge of chronology

1. Establish a correspondence between events and years: for each position in the first column, select the corresponding position from the second column.

EVENTS YEARS

A) Battle on the Ice 1) 1242

B) the abolition of serfdom in Russia 2) 1380

C) the adoption of the Council Code of the king 3) 1649

Alexei Mikhailovich 4) 1762

5) 1861

Write in the table the selected numbers under the corresponding letters.

Answer: 153. Question difficulty level: 1 (basic). The cost of the task: 2 points.

Action algorithm:

We carefully read the condition of the task: to establish a correspondence between the event and the date.

•Starting from the first event, write an approximate date next to the events.

•We will select suitable dates from the list and check our decision.

•Let's write down the answer.

In view of the favorable political situation, he decided to immediately start a war and, moreover, an offensive war, hoping to attack the Roman Empire in Italy itself, to conquer and destroy Rome. He arbitrarily, without asking for the consent of Carthage, started a war by attacking Sugunt, which lay on the eastern coast of Spain and was under the protection of Rome, which caused dissatisfaction with the peace party in his homeland. These party disagreements largely explain the outcome of the war, since patriotism among the Carthaginians was very poorly developed, while party hatred was always very strong.

The Romans at this time, due to special circumstances, had a strong fleet, which, however, was busy in the Adriatic Sea with a war with Illyria. To the west of Italy, the Romans had almost no fleet, and off the coast of Spain - none at all, which the Carthaginians, skilled sailors who owned fast ships, in all likelihood, were aware of.

If we think about the duration and difficulties of the campaign through the Pyrenees and through the Alps, on which Hannibal used about three months and during which he lost 33,000 people out of 59,000, that is, much more than half, and all the benefits of a surprise attack were lost, then one cannot but admit that this campaign does not find any justification for itself, and that its result under such a brilliant commander could and should have been completely different.

Then it is impossible not to mention the subsequent sending of reinforcements. The Romans kept squadrons to guard the coasts of Italy, Sicily, and Sardinia, but none of them were so strong as to deprive the Carthaginians of the opportunity to try to seize dominance of the sea; however, as in the first Punic War, the Carthaginians did nothing, and during the entire war, which lasted 17 years, not a single battle took place for mastery of the sea. For their part, the Romans were not careful enough to prevent the arrival of reinforcements; so, after the battle of Cannae in 216, reinforcements were brought to the Carthaginians directly to Locri, and the Roman ships did not interfere with this - Hamilcar freely landed 4,000 people and many elephants ashore. There was no reason not to repeat such a sending later. After the battle of Cannae, the Carthaginians had a brief period of inspiration, but, after that, party strife and hatred for Hannibal again began to slow down the energy of the offensive.

From this it is clear that it was not the maritime dominion of Rome, whose fleet was too far at the beginning of the war, that led to its victory in the second Punic War, but the exclusively erroneous strategy of Hannibal and Carthage, who fought the war clumsily and did not understand what enormous help, especially in the beginning of the war, may render the fleet.

In any case, in the current state of affairs (there were only a small number of Roman ships off the coast of Spain), if Hannibal had transported 60,000 of his old soldiers by sea to the vicinity of Rome, or even to Northern Italy, he would hardly have lost 33,000 people, as it happened while crossing the Alps.

For their part, the Romans, with great success, used the internal lines of maritime communication with Spain to interrupt Hannibal's communications; they did this very easily, since Carthage did nothing decisively and without a fight gave the sea at the disposal of Rome. And then, when the Carthaginians came to their senses and began to act on the sea, they did it so sluggishly and indecisively that it was not difficult for the Romans to cope with them. All Hannibal's rear communications fell into the hands of the enemy, since Rome also dominated the Tyrrhenian Sea and owned harbors on the northern coast of Sicily, and during the entire period of the Second Punic War this dominance at sea was never wrested from his hands. But south of Sicily and to southern Spain, Rome did not own the sea, but the line of the Ebro River was in its hands, as a result of which Hannibal and Hasdrubal were cut off from each other, and, despite the fact that the latter defeated both during the seven years of the war in Spain Scipio, communication with southern Italy could not be restored. In the end, Hasdrubal nevertheless crossed the western part of the Pyrenees and fought his way into Upper Italy, and then the position of Rome became more than critical.

And this time, thanks to the dominance of Rome in the Tyrrhenian Sea, which Carthage never tried to dispute with him, Publius Scipio the Younger had the opportunity to send his best troops by sea to Upper Italy, towards Hasdrubal; the Roman troops united and destroyed first the army of Hasdrubal in the battle of Metaurus, which, in essence, decided the fate of the war; since Carthage could no longer gather troops in sufficient numbers, and Hannibal had to leave southern Italy.

Festivals, holidays and fairs of the Pyrenees and around with Irma Tomas

Four corners of the Pyrenees with Joël Machado

History of Europe with Alex Mostaslavski - Spain, France, Pyrenees

Modern science and engineering with Ivan Stepanyan

Motorcycles by Barbara Cryton
Natural science in Madriu-Perafita-Claror by Susanna Simon
Pyrenean landscapes on photos by Stefano Paletti
Psychology, sport management and hiking in the Pyrenees with Irina Rybalchenko
The sound of music with Dmitry Tolkunov
Weapons and equipment of the world on the paintings by Joan Mañé
Transport, weapons and best technologies by Andrew Panteleyev

What to do today? Cultural events in Andorra with Clare Allcard

Where to eat or best restaurants of the Pyrenees with Joseph Mitjavila

Andorra business guide

Pyrenees travel guide

Despite their constantly changing, often inappropriate, and sometimes completely erroneous strategy, despite clumsy tactics and terrible catastrophes to which their fleet was more than once subjected, the Romans, nevertheless, defeated the great, ancient sea power; this circumstance might lead to the conclusion that a maritime power in general cannot successfully wage war against a land power; but such a conclusion would be wrong: the reason for the ultimate success of the Romans was that their strategy and tactics, invented and applied by beginners in maritime science, despite major shortcomings, must still be considered brilliant in comparison with the tactics and strategy of the Carthaginians.

This striking fact can only be explained by the fact that the Carthaginians did not at all have a correct understanding of the foundations of the power of their state, the significance of dominance at sea and the importance of the navy, which stands at the height of modern requirements and is correctly applied to business.

Their ships, their sailors, their rowing slaves were the best in the world; for centuries they were masters of the sea and lived in the deep conviction that this was an indisputable fact; only this, and their innate aversion to war, can explain the inability to military affairs and the complete carelessness with which they treated him.

Thanks to the extensive development of shipping, they had the opportunity to broaden their horizons and learn to look more consciously at what was happening in the world, but they remained blind to the danger that was approaching closer and closer to them from Rome. While the Romans were expanding their power on land with gigantic strides, the Carthaginians, with their trade agreements of 348 and 306, more and more hampered them at sea, but at the same time they completely lost sight of the fact that in international relations it is possible to support regulations that are embarrassing for another people. only open force; thus, they provoked a war, but did nothing to prepare it.

Alpinism

Architecture on paintings

Eat to live, live to eat

Festivals and fairs

History of Europe

Modern science